GED practice: Revolutionary and early republic periods (36 questions)

Question 1 of 36

Grievances in the Declaration of Independence (1776)

In the Declaration of Independence, the colonists listed their complaints, or grievances, against King George III. "He" refers to the King.

(1) The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

(2) He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. …

(3) He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: …

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: …

In 1765, the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which required colonists to pay a tax on newspapers, legal papers, and other printed documents. Which grievance from the excerpt is most closely connected to the Stamp Act?

A"For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us"

B"For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury"

C"For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent"

D"For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world"

Hint

The Stamp Act was a tax. Which line in paragraph 3 mentions taxes?

Question 2 of 36

Grievances in the Declaration of Independence (1776)

In the Declaration of Independence, the colonists listed their complaints, or grievances, against King George III. "He" refers to the King.

(1) The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

(2) He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. …

(3) He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: …

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: …

In paragraph 3, the colonists call laws made by Parliament "Acts of pretended Legislation." Why do they use the word pretended?

AThey believed the laws were jokes that nobody would actually enforce.

BThey believed Parliament had no rightful authority to make laws for the colonies.

CThey believed the King had secretly refused to sign the laws.

DThey believed the laws were good but had been written too quickly.

Hint

Read the first part of paragraph 3: the King joined with others to subject the colonies to a jurisdiction (authority) that was what?

Question 3 of 36

Drag and drop

Drag the events into the order in which they happened, from first to last.

Order	Event
First
Second
Third
Fourth

Tap a tile, then tap a box to place it.

Hint

Think cause and effect: a tax → a protest → fighting → a formal break.

Question 4 of 36

The Stamp Act Congress Responds (1765)

In October 1765, delegates from nine colonies met in New York City at the Stamp Act Congress. Parliament had just passed the Stamp Act, a tax on newspapers, legal documents, and other printed papers in the colonies. The delegates approved a set of resolutions — formal statements of their position — addressed to the King and Parliament.

(1) That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by their representatives.

(2) That the people of these colonies are not, and from their local circumstances cannot be, represented in the House of Commons in Great-Britain. …

(3) … That trial by jury is the inherent and invaluable right of every British subject in these colonies.

(4) Editor's note: The House of Commons is the elected house of Parliament. At the same time, many colonists boycotted (refused to buy) British goods. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, but on the same day it passed the Declaratory Act, which claimed that Parliament had full power to make laws for the colonies in every matter.

Which colonial slogan best expresses the main grievance in paragraphs 1 and 2?

A"No taxation without representation"

B"No soldiers in our homes"

C"Independence now"

D"Remember the Alamo"

Hint

Paragraph 1 says what is required before taxes can be imposed. Paragraph 2 says what the colonists lack in Parliament. Put the two together.

Question 5 of 36

The Road to Revolution, 1763–1775

(1) Britain won the French and Indian War in 1763 but was left with a huge debt. To avoid new wars with Native nations, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763, which banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Many colonists, especially farmers hoping for new land and investors who had bought western land, were angry.

(2) Parliament then looked to the colonies for money. The Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765) taxed the colonists. Colonists protested that they had no representatives in Parliament. Groups such as the Sons of Liberty organized boycotts of British goods, and Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766.

(3) The Townshend Acts (1767) taxed imports such as glass, paper, paint, and tea. Boycotts started again, and Britain sent troops to Boston to keep order. In March 1770, soldiers fired into a crowd, killing five people. Colonists called it the Boston Massacre. Parliament soon removed every Townshend tax except the one on tea.

(4) The Tea Act (1773) helped the British East India Company sell its tea cheaply in the colonies, but the tea tax remained. In December 1773, colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians dumped 342 chests of the company's tea into Boston Harbor. Parliament struck back in 1774 with the Coercive Acts, which colonists called the Intolerable Acts. These laws closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for and limited town meetings in Massachusetts.

(5) Colonists organized. Committees of correspondence, first formed in 1772, sent letters between towns and colonies to share news and plan resistance. In September 1774, twelve colonies sent delegates to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, which approved a boycott of British goods. In April 1775, British troops marched to seize colonial weapons at Concord, Massachusetts. Fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord, and the war for independence began.

According to paragraph 4, what was the most direct effect of the Boston Tea Party?

AParliament passed the Tea Act to help the East India Company.

BParliament closed the port of Boston and limited town meetings in Massachusetts.

CParliament removed the tax on tea to calm the colonists.

DBritish soldiers fired into a crowd in Boston.

Hint

Look for the sentence right after the Tea Party that begins with what Parliament did.

Question 6 of 36

The Road to Revolution, 1763–1775

(1) Britain won the French and Indian War in 1763 but was left with a huge debt. To avoid new wars with Native nations, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763, which banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Many colonists, especially farmers hoping for new land and investors who had bought western land, were angry.

(2) Parliament then looked to the colonies for money. The Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765) taxed the colonists. Colonists protested that they had no representatives in Parliament. Groups such as the Sons of Liberty organized boycotts of British goods, and Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766.

(3) The Townshend Acts (1767) taxed imports such as glass, paper, paint, and tea. Boycotts started again, and Britain sent troops to Boston to keep order. In March 1770, soldiers fired into a crowd, killing five people. Colonists called it the Boston Massacre. Parliament soon removed every Townshend tax except the one on tea.

(4) The Tea Act (1773) helped the British East India Company sell its tea cheaply in the colonies, but the tea tax remained. In December 1773, colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians dumped 342 chests of the company's tea into Boston Harbor. Parliament struck back in 1774 with the Coercive Acts, which colonists called the Intolerable Acts. These laws closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for and limited town meetings in Massachusetts.

(5) Colonists organized. Committees of correspondence, first formed in 1772, sent letters between towns and colonies to share news and plan resistance. In September 1774, twelve colonies sent delegates to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, which approved a boycott of British goods. In April 1775, British troops marched to seize colonial weapons at Concord, Massachusetts. Fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord, and the war for independence began.

According to paragraph 1, which colonists would most likely have been angered by the Proclamation of 1763?

AA Virginia farmer who planned to move his family to the Ohio River valley

BA Boston printer who had to pay a tax on every newspaper

CA New York merchant who imported tea from Britain

DA Native leader hoping to keep settlers off his nation's land

Hint

What did the Proclamation ban? Who would be hurt most by that ban?

Question 7 of 36

Two Presidents on Foreign Policy (1796 and 1823)

Source 1 — George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

(1) The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. …

(2) It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world …

Source 2 — James Monroe, Annual Message to Congress, December 2, 1823 (the Monroe Doctrine)

(3) … the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. …

(4) In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so. …

(5) We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.

Note: By 1823, most of Spain's colonies in Latin America had won independence.

Which statement best summarizes Washington's advice in Source 1?

ACut off all contact with foreign nations, including trade.

BForm strong alliances with European nations to keep the country safe.

CExpand political ties with foreign nations while limiting trade.

DTrade with other nations, but avoid permanent political alliances.

Hint

Washington mentions two kinds of relations with foreign nations. Which one does he want more of, and which one less?

Question 8 of 36

Two Presidents on Foreign Policy (1796 and 1823)

Source 1 — George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

(1) The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. …

(2) It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world …

Source 2 — James Monroe, Annual Message to Congress, December 2, 1823 (the Monroe Doctrine)

(3) … the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. …

(4) In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so. …

(5) We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.

Note: By 1823, most of Spain's colonies in Latin America had won independence.

What is the main purpose of the statements in Source 2?

ATo announce that the United States would join European wars to protect its allies

BTo warn European nations not to create new colonies or interfere in the Western Hemisphere

CTo declare that the United States would take over Latin American nations as colonies

DTo end all trade between the United States and Europe

Hint

Who is Monroe warning in paragraphs 3 and 5, and what is he warning them not to do?

Question 9 of 36

Two Presidents on Foreign Policy (1796 and 1823)

Source 1 — George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

(1) The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. …

(2) It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world …

Source 2 — James Monroe, Annual Message to Congress, December 2, 1823 (the Monroe Doctrine)

(3) … the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. …

(4) In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so. …

(5) We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.

Note: By 1823, most of Spain's colonies in Latin America had won independence.

How are the ideas in Source 1 and Source 2 most similar?

ABoth warn European nations against starting new colonies in the Americas.

BBoth call for the United States to build a large navy to fight Europe.

CBoth want the United States to stay out of Europe's political affairs and wars.

DBoth argue that trade with Europe is dangerous and should end.

Hint

Find the part of Monroe's message that sounds most like Washington's warning about alliances.

Question 10 of 36

Fill in

Growth and the Louisiana Purchase

Source 1 — U.S. Census population, 1790–1820

Source 2 — Thomas Jefferson, letter to Robert R. Livingston, April 18, 1802

(1) There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three eighths of our territory must pass to market …

Source 3 — Background

(2) In 1803 the United States bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. The land, about 828,000 square miles, stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and roughly doubled the size of the country. Western farmers floated their crops down the Mississippi River to the port of New Orleans to reach buyers. President Jefferson then sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new land (1804–1806).

Use the bar chart in Source 1. By what percent did the U.S. population increase from 1790 to 1800? Round to the nearest tenth of a percent.

%

Type your answer in the box. Fractions like 3/4 are fine.

Hint

Percent change = (new − old) ÷ old × 100. The "old" value is the earlier year.

Question 11 of 36

Growth and the Louisiana Purchase

Source 1 — U.S. Census population, 1790–1820

Source 2 — Thomas Jefferson, letter to Robert R. Livingston, April 18, 1802

(1) There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three eighths of our territory must pass to market …

Source 3 — Background

(2) In 1803 the United States bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. The land, about 828,000 square miles, stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and roughly doubled the size of the country. Western farmers floated their crops down the Mississippi River to the port of New Orleans to reach buyers. President Jefferson then sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new land (1804–1806).

According to Source 2 and Source 3, why did Jefferson consider control of New Orleans so important?

ANew Orleans was the capital of the United States at that time.

BMost Americans already lived in New Orleans.

CFarm goods from a large part of the country had to pass through New Orleans to reach markets.

DJefferson wanted a base from which to attack Britain.

Hint

In Source 2, what "must pass" through New Orleans? Source 3 explains how it got there.

Question 12 of 36

From the Articles to the Constitution

(1) After winning independence, the United States was governed by the Articles of Confederation. The national Congress could not collect taxes, could not regulate trade between the states, and had no way to enforce its laws. States printed their own money and sometimes taxed goods from neighboring states.

(2) The weaknesses became clear in 1786 and 1787. In western Massachusetts, farmers led by Daniel Shays, a veteran of the Revolution, faced high state taxes and were losing their farms to debt. They closed courts to stop the seizures of their land and marched on a federal arsenal in Springfield. Congress had no army to send. The state put down the uprising with a militia paid for partly by private donations.

(3) Alarmed, leaders called a convention in Philadelphia in May 1787. The delegates soon decided to write a new constitution rather than repair the Articles. Large states wanted representation based on population; small states wanted equal votes. The Great Compromise created a House of Representatives based on population and a Senate with two members from each state. Delegates also agreed that three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted for representation and taxes — the Three-Fifths Compromise.

(4) Ratification required approval by nine states. Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton and James Madison argued that the nation needed a stronger central government. Anti-Federalists, including Patrick Henry, feared it would crush state power and individual rights. The Constitution took effect in 1789, and George Washington became the first president. In 1791, the Bill of Rights was added.

Based on paragraphs 2 and 3, what was the most important effect of Shays' Rebellion?

AIt forced Congress to lower taxes on farmers across the country.

BIt convinced many leaders that the national government was too weak, which led to the Constitutional Convention.

CIt showed that the Articles of Confederation were working well.

DIt caused Massachusetts to leave the United States.

Hint

Paragraph 3 begins with the word "Alarmed." What did alarmed leaders do next?

Question 13 of 36

The Stamp Act Congress Responds (1765)

In October 1765, delegates from nine colonies met in New York City at the Stamp Act Congress. Parliament had just passed the Stamp Act, a tax on newspapers, legal documents, and other printed papers in the colonies. The delegates approved a set of resolutions — formal statements of their position — addressed to the King and Parliament.

(1) That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by their representatives.

(2) That the people of these colonies are not, and from their local circumstances cannot be, represented in the House of Commons in Great-Britain. …

(3) … That trial by jury is the inherent and invaluable right of every British subject in these colonies.

(4) Editor's note: The House of Commons is the elected house of Parliament. At the same time, many colonists boycotted (refused to buy) British goods. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, but on the same day it passed the Declaratory Act, which claimed that Parliament had full power to make laws for the colonies in every matter.

In paragraph 1, the delegates call consent to taxes "the undoubted right of Englishmen." What does this word choice suggest about how the delegates saw themselves in 1765?

AThey already considered themselves citizens of an independent nation.

BThey saw themselves as British subjects entitled to the same rights as people in England.

CThey believed colonists had fewer rights than people living in England.

DThey wanted colonists to be given seats in the House of Commons.

Hint

Who has the "rights of Englishmen"? Notice also how paragraph 3 describes the colonists.

Question 14 of 36

The Road to Revolution, 1763–1775

(1) Britain won the French and Indian War in 1763 but was left with a huge debt. To avoid new wars with Native nations, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763, which banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Many colonists, especially farmers hoping for new land and investors who had bought western land, were angry.

(2) Parliament then looked to the colonies for money. The Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765) taxed the colonists. Colonists protested that they had no representatives in Parliament. Groups such as the Sons of Liberty organized boycotts of British goods, and Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766.

(3) The Townshend Acts (1767) taxed imports such as glass, paper, paint, and tea. Boycotts started again, and Britain sent troops to Boston to keep order. In March 1770, soldiers fired into a crowd, killing five people. Colonists called it the Boston Massacre. Parliament soon removed every Townshend tax except the one on tea.

(4) The Tea Act (1773) helped the British East India Company sell its tea cheaply in the colonies, but the tea tax remained. In December 1773, colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians dumped 342 chests of the company's tea into Boston Harbor. Parliament struck back in 1774 with the Coercive Acts, which colonists called the Intolerable Acts. These laws closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for and limited town meetings in Massachusetts.

(5) Colonists organized. Committees of correspondence, first formed in 1772, sent letters between towns and colonies to share news and plan resistance. In September 1774, twelve colonies sent delegates to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, which approved a boycott of British goods. In April 1775, British troops marched to seize colonial weapons at Concord, Massachusetts. Fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord, and the war for independence began.

Which statement best summarizes the passage?

AColonists in Boston destroyed tea owned by the British East India Company.

BParliament quickly gave in to colonial demands, so the conflict ended peacefully.

CA cycle of British laws and colonial protests raised tensions until fighting began in 1775.

DColonists welcomed new taxes because they finally had representatives in Parliament.

Hint

A good summary covers the beginning (1763), the middle, and the end (1775) of the passage — not just one paragraph.

Question 15 of 36

Drag and drop

The Road to Revolution, 1763–1775

(1) Britain won the French and Indian War in 1763 but was left with a huge debt. To avoid new wars with Native nations, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763, which banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Many colonists, especially farmers hoping for new land and investors who had bought western land, were angry.

(2) Parliament then looked to the colonies for money. The Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765) taxed the colonists. Colonists protested that they had no representatives in Parliament. Groups such as the Sons of Liberty organized boycotts of British goods, and Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766.

(3) The Townshend Acts (1767) taxed imports such as glass, paper, paint, and tea. Boycotts started again, and Britain sent troops to Boston to keep order. In March 1770, soldiers fired into a crowd, killing five people. Colonists called it the Boston Massacre. Parliament soon removed every Townshend tax except the one on tea.

(4) The Tea Act (1773) helped the British East India Company sell its tea cheaply in the colonies, but the tea tax remained. In December 1773, colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians dumped 342 chests of the company's tea into Boston Harbor. Parliament struck back in 1774 with the Coercive Acts, which colonists called the Intolerable Acts. These laws closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for and limited town meetings in Massachusetts.

(5) Colonists organized. Committees of correspondence, first formed in 1772, sent letters between towns and colonies to share news and plan resistance. In September 1774, twelve colonies sent delegates to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, which approved a boycott of British goods. In April 1775, British troops marched to seize colonial weapons at Concord, Massachusetts. Fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord, and the war for independence began.

Each of these steps raised tension between Britain and the colonies. Using paragraphs 1–4, place them on a timeline, starting with the earliest.

Timeline position	Step toward revolution
Earliest
Next
Next
Latest

Tap a tile, then tap a box to place it.

Hint

Find the year of each event in the passage. Two of them are in paragraphs 1 and 3; the Coercive Acts are in paragraph 4.

Question 16 of 36

Select all

The Road to Revolution, 1763–1775

(1) Britain won the French and Indian War in 1763 but was left with a huge debt. To avoid new wars with Native nations, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763, which banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Many colonists, especially farmers hoping for new land and investors who had bought western land, were angry.

(2) Parliament then looked to the colonies for money. The Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765) taxed the colonists. Colonists protested that they had no representatives in Parliament. Groups such as the Sons of Liberty organized boycotts of British goods, and Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766.

(3) The Townshend Acts (1767) taxed imports such as glass, paper, paint, and tea. Boycotts started again, and Britain sent troops to Boston to keep order. In March 1770, soldiers fired into a crowd, killing five people. Colonists called it the Boston Massacre. Parliament soon removed every Townshend tax except the one on tea.

(4) The Tea Act (1773) helped the British East India Company sell its tea cheaply in the colonies, but the tea tax remained. In December 1773, colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians dumped 342 chests of the company's tea into Boston Harbor. Parliament struck back in 1774 with the Coercive Acts, which colonists called the Intolerable Acts. These laws closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for and limited town meetings in Massachusetts.

(5) Colonists organized. Committees of correspondence, first formed in 1772, sent letters between towns and colonies to share news and plan resistance. In September 1774, twelve colonies sent delegates to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, which approved a boycott of British goods. In April 1775, British troops marched to seize colonial weapons at Concord, Massachusetts. Fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord, and the war for independence began.

According to the passage, which actions did colonists take to resist British policies? Select all that apply.

Select all that apply.

ABoycotting British goods

BSending troops to Boston to keep order

CDumping tea into Boston Harbor

DSharing news and plans through committees of correspondence

EClosing the port of Boston

FSending delegates to the First Continental Congress

Hint

Sort each option: was it done by colonists, or by the British government?

Question 17 of 36

Two Presidents on Unity (1796 and 1801)

Source 1 — George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

(1) Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally. …

(2) It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. …

(3) Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all. …

Source 2 — Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801

(4) … Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. … But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. …

(5) … peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; …

Note: In the 1790s two political parties formed: the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, and the Democratic-Republicans (often called Republicans), led by Jefferson and James Madison. "Party" means a political party. "Public councils" are lawmaking bodies, and "enfeeble" means weaken. "Brethren" means brothers. The election of 1800 was bitter, and Jefferson defeated Adams. It was the first time power in the national government passed peacefully from one party to another.

Jefferson gave his inaugural address right after the bitter election of 1800. What was the most likely purpose of his statement "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists" (paragraph 4)?

ATo announce that he had switched to the Federalist Party

BTo bring the nation together after a divided and bitter election

CTo warn Federalists that they would be punished for opposing him

DTo suggest that the country no longer needed elections

Hint

Jefferson was a Republican. Why would he say that everyone is also a Federalist? Read the sentence just before it.

Question 18 of 36

Two Presidents on Unity (1796 and 1801)

Source 1 — George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

(1) Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally. …

(2) It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. …

(3) Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all. …

Source 2 — Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801

(4) … Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. … But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. …

(5) … peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; …

Note: In the 1790s two political parties formed: the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, and the Democratic-Republicans (often called Republicans), led by Jefferson and James Madison. "Party" means a political party. "Public councils" are lawmaking bodies, and "enfeeble" means weaken. "Brethren" means brothers. The election of 1800 was bitter, and Jefferson defeated Adams. It was the first time power in the national government passed peacefully from one party to another.

In paragraph 1, Washington warns against "the baneful effects of the spirit of party." Based on paragraph 2, what does the word baneful show about his view of political parties?

AHe believed parties helped the government work more smoothly.

BHe thought parties were harmless but a little annoying.

CHe viewed parties as harmful because they divide people and weaken the government.

DHe thought only one of the two parties was dangerous.

Hint

Paragraph 2 lists the "effects" Washington means. Are they good or bad?

Question 19 of 36

Two Presidents on Unity (1796 and 1801)

Source 1 — George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

(1) Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally. …

(2) It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. …

(3) Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all. …

Source 2 — Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801

(4) … Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. … But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. …

(5) … peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; …

Note: In the 1790s two political parties formed: the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, and the Democratic-Republicans (often called Republicans), led by Jefferson and James Madison. "Party" means a political party. "Public councils" are lawmaking bodies, and "enfeeble" means weaken. "Brethren" means brothers. The election of 1800 was bitter, and Jefferson defeated Adams. It was the first time power in the national government passed peacefully from one party to another.

Which statement best summarizes paragraph 2 of Washington's Farewell Address?

AParty spirit always causes armed rebellions against the government.

BParty spirit lets foreign nations control American lawmakers.

CParty spirit weakens the government and turns Americans against one another, sometimes leading to violence.

DParty spirit makes government stronger by encouraging debate.

Hint

Paragraph 2 lists several effects of party spirit. A summary should cover the list, not just one item.

Question 20 of 36

The Election Crisis of 1800

(1) Under the original Constitution, each presidential elector cast two votes and did not say which vote was for president and which was for vice president. The candidate with the most votes became president if a majority of electors had voted for him. The runner-up became vice president. There were 138 electors in both 1796 and 1800, so a candidate needed at least 70 votes.

Electoral votes received by leading candidates

Candidate	Party	1796	1800
John Adams	Federalist	71	65
Thomas Jefferson	Democratic-Republican	68	73
Aaron Burr	Democratic-Republican	30	73
Thomas Pinckney	Federalist	59	did not run
Charles C. Pinckney	Federalist	did not run	64

Other candidates received the remaining votes.

(2) In 1796 this system made the Federalist John Adams president and his rival Thomas Jefferson vice president. In 1800 the Democratic-Republicans planned for Jefferson to be president and Aaron Burr vice president, but every Democratic-Republican elector voted for both men. Jefferson and Burr tied. The House of Representatives, with each state's delegation casting one vote, had to break the tie. After 36 ballots, the House chose Jefferson in February 1801.

(3) In 1804 the states ratified the Twelfth Amendment. It requires electors to cast one vote for president and a separate vote for vice president.

Based on the passage, what problem most directly led to the Twelfth Amendment?

AJohn Adams lost the election of 1800 to Thomas Jefferson.

BElectors' votes did not separate president from vice president, so Jefferson and Burr tied in 1800.

CThe House of Representatives chose Aaron Burr instead of Jefferson.

DToo few electors voted in the election of 1796.

Hint

Paragraph 3 says what the Twelfth Amendment requires. Which problem in paragraph 2 would that rule fix?

Question 21 of 36

A Growing Union, 1790–1830

Source 1 — Chart

Source 2 — Background

(1) After independence, Americans moved west quickly. New states joined the Union on equal terms with the original thirteen, following rules first set out in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

(2) The Louisiana Purchase (1803) doubled the size of the nation, but before 1820 only one state, Louisiana (1812), was formed from it.

(3) During the War of 1812, many Native nations in the Great Lakes region fought alongside Britain, hoping to stop American settlement. The Shawnee leader Tecumseh was killed in battle in 1813. After the war ended in 1815, Britain stopped supporting Native resistance south of the Great Lakes, and settlers poured into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. In the South, cotton planting spread west rapidly, and enslaved people were forced to move with it.

(4) States admitted from 1812 to 1821: Louisiana (1812, slave), Indiana (1816, free), Mississippi (1817, slave), Illinois (1818, free), Alabama (1819, slave), Maine (1820, free), and Missouri (1821, slave).

(5) By the end of 1819 the Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states. When Missouri asked to join as a slave state, Congress argued bitterly, because its admission would upset this balance in the Senate. The Missouri Compromise (1820) admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and it banned slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′.

Use Source 1. How many states joined the Union between the 1800 census and the 1810 census?

A1

B3

C6

D17

Hint

Read the value at the top of the 1800 bar and the 1810 bar, then subtract.

Question 22 of 36

Hot spot

Growth and the Louisiana Purchase

Source 1 — U.S. Census population, 1790–1820

Source 2 — Thomas Jefferson, letter to Robert R. Livingston, April 18, 1802

(1) There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three eighths of our territory must pass to market …

Source 3 — Background

(2) In 1803 the United States bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. The land, about 828,000 square miles, stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and roughly doubled the size of the country. Western farmers floated their crops down the Mississippi River to the port of New Orleans to reach buyers. President Jefferson then sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new land (1804–1806).

Use Source 1.

The chart shows three ten-year periods. Click the bar for the census year that ends the ten-year period with the greatest percent increase in population.

Click on the figure to mark your answer (or focus it and use the arrow keys).

Hint

Find the percent change for 1790–1800, 1800–1810, and 1810–1820. The biggest jump in millions is not necessarily the biggest percent.

Question 23 of 36

Select all

From the Articles to the Constitution

(1) After winning independence, the United States was governed by the Articles of Confederation. The national Congress could not collect taxes, could not regulate trade between the states, and had no way to enforce its laws. States printed their own money and sometimes taxed goods from neighboring states.

(2) The weaknesses became clear in 1786 and 1787. In western Massachusetts, farmers led by Daniel Shays, a veteran of the Revolution, faced high state taxes and were losing their farms to debt. They closed courts to stop the seizures of their land and marched on a federal arsenal in Springfield. Congress had no army to send. The state put down the uprising with a militia paid for partly by private donations.

(3) Alarmed, leaders called a convention in Philadelphia in May 1787. The delegates soon decided to write a new constitution rather than repair the Articles. Large states wanted representation based on population; small states wanted equal votes. The Great Compromise created a House of Representatives based on population and a Senate with two members from each state. Delegates also agreed that three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted for representation and taxes — the Three-Fifths Compromise.

(4) Ratification required approval by nine states. Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton and James Madison argued that the nation needed a stronger central government. Anti-Federalists, including Patrick Henry, feared it would crush state power and individual rights. The Constitution took effect in 1789, and George Washington became the first president. In 1791, the Bill of Rights was added.

According to the passage, which were weaknesses of the national government under the Articles of Confederation? Select all that apply.

Select all that apply.

ACongress could not collect taxes.

BCongress could not regulate trade between the states.

CThe president had too much power over Congress.

DThe national government had no army to send against the rebels.

ELarge states had more votes in Congress than small states.

Hint

Paragraphs 1 and 2 list the problems. Check each choice against the exact text — and remember what the national government did not have.

Question 24 of 36

Two Presidents on Unity (1796 and 1801)

Source 1 — George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

(1) Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally. …

(2) It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. …

(3) Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all. …

Source 2 — Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801

(4) … Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. … But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. …

(5) … peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; …

Note: In the 1790s two political parties formed: the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, and the Democratic-Republicans (often called Republicans), led by Jefferson and James Madison. "Party" means a political party. "Public councils" are lawmaking bodies, and "enfeeble" means weaken. "Brethren" means brothers. The election of 1800 was bitter, and Jefferson defeated Adams. It was the first time power in the national government passed peacefully from one party to another.

How do Washington's view in paragraphs 1–2 and Jefferson's view in paragraph 4 compare?

ABoth men call for political parties to be abolished by law.

BWashington praises parties, while Jefferson warns that parties are dangerous.

CBoth value national unity, but Washington warns against parties while Jefferson says party differences are smaller than they seem.

DBoth are mainly concerned with avoiding alliances with foreign nations.

Hint

Both care about unity. But does Jefferson describe the party difference as dangerous, or as smaller than it looks?

Question 25 of 36

The Stamp Act Congress Responds (1765)

In October 1765, delegates from nine colonies met in New York City at the Stamp Act Congress. Parliament had just passed the Stamp Act, a tax on newspapers, legal documents, and other printed papers in the colonies. The delegates approved a set of resolutions — formal statements of their position — addressed to the King and Parliament.

(1) That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by their representatives.

(2) That the people of these colonies are not, and from their local circumstances cannot be, represented in the House of Commons in Great-Britain. …

(3) … That trial by jury is the inherent and invaluable right of every British subject in these colonies.

(4) Editor's note: The House of Commons is the elected house of Parliament. At the same time, many colonists boycotted (refused to buy) British goods. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, but on the same day it passed the Declaratory Act, which claimed that Parliament had full power to make laws for the colonies in every matter.

What was the main purpose of the resolutions in the excerpt?

ATo declare the colonies independent from Great Britain

BTo ask Parliament to give each colony seats in the House of Commons

CTo formally protest the Stamp Act and defend the colonists' rights as British subjects

DTo explain why Parliament had the power to make laws for the colonies in every matter

Hint

Think about who they were addressed to (see the introduction) and what they ask for — and what they do not ask for.

Question 26 of 36

Fill in

The Election Crisis of 1800

(1) Under the original Constitution, each presidential elector cast two votes and did not say which vote was for president and which was for vice president. The candidate with the most votes became president if a majority of electors had voted for him. The runner-up became vice president. There were 138 electors in both 1796 and 1800, so a candidate needed at least 70 votes.

Electoral votes received by leading candidates

Candidate	Party	1796	1800
John Adams	Federalist	71	65
Thomas Jefferson	Democratic-Republican	68	73
Aaron Burr	Democratic-Republican	30	73
Thomas Pinckney	Federalist	59	did not run
Charles C. Pinckney	Federalist	did not run	64

Other candidates received the remaining votes.

(2) In 1796 this system made the Federalist John Adams president and his rival Thomas Jefferson vice president. In 1800 the Democratic-Republicans planned for Jefferson to be president and Aaron Burr vice president, but every Democratic-Republican elector voted for both men. Jefferson and Burr tied. The House of Representatives, with each state's delegation casting one vote, had to break the tie. After 36 ballots, the House chose Jefferson in February 1801.

(3) In 1804 the states ratified the Twelfth Amendment. It requires electors to cast one vote for president and a separate vote for vice president.

Use the table. By what percent did John Adams's electoral vote total decrease from 1796 to 1800? Round to the nearest tenth of a percent.

%

Type your answer in the box. Fractions like 3/4 are fine.

Hint

Find Adams's row. Percent change = (new − old) ÷ old × 100. The old value is the 1796 number.

Question 27 of 36

The Election Crisis of 1800

(1) Under the original Constitution, each presidential elector cast two votes and did not say which vote was for president and which was for vice president. The candidate with the most votes became president if a majority of electors had voted for him. The runner-up became vice president. There were 138 electors in both 1796 and 1800, so a candidate needed at least 70 votes.

Electoral votes received by leading candidates

Candidate	Party	1796	1800
John Adams	Federalist	71	65
Thomas Jefferson	Democratic-Republican	68	73
Aaron Burr	Democratic-Republican	30	73
Thomas Pinckney	Federalist	59	did not run
Charles C. Pinckney	Federalist	did not run	64

Other candidates received the remaining votes.

(2) In 1796 this system made the Federalist John Adams president and his rival Thomas Jefferson vice president. In 1800 the Democratic-Republicans planned for Jefferson to be president and Aaron Burr vice president, but every Democratic-Republican elector voted for both men. Jefferson and Burr tied. The House of Representatives, with each state's delegation casting one vote, had to break the tie. After 36 ballots, the House chose Jefferson in February 1801.

(3) In 1804 the states ratified the Twelfth Amendment. It requires electors to cast one vote for president and a separate vote for vice president.

A student claims: "Adams lost in 1800 mainly because he received far fewer electoral votes than he did in 1796." Which statement best evaluates this claim using the table?

AIt is strongly supported, because Adams's total fell between the two elections.

BIt is weakly supported, because Adams lost only 6 votes while both Democratic-Republican candidates rose above him.

CIt is not supported, because Adams actually had enough votes to win in 1800.

DIt is not supported, because Adams received more votes than Jefferson in 1800.

Hint

Compare how much Adams's total changed with how much the Democratic-Republican candidates' totals changed.

Question 28 of 36

Hot spot

A Growing Union, 1790–1830

Source 1 — Chart

Source 2 — Background

(1) After independence, Americans moved west quickly. New states joined the Union on equal terms with the original thirteen, following rules first set out in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

(2) The Louisiana Purchase (1803) doubled the size of the nation, but before 1820 only one state, Louisiana (1812), was formed from it.

(3) During the War of 1812, many Native nations in the Great Lakes region fought alongside Britain, hoping to stop American settlement. The Shawnee leader Tecumseh was killed in battle in 1813. After the war ended in 1815, Britain stopped supporting Native resistance south of the Great Lakes, and settlers poured into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. In the South, cotton planting spread west rapidly, and enslaved people were forced to move with it.

(4) States admitted from 1812 to 1821: Louisiana (1812, slave), Indiana (1816, free), Mississippi (1817, slave), Illinois (1818, free), Alabama (1819, slave), Maine (1820, free), and Missouri (1821, slave).

(5) By the end of 1819 the Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states. When Missouri asked to join as a slave state, Congress argued bitterly, because its admission would upset this balance in the Senate. The Missouri Compromise (1820) admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and it banned slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′.

Use Source 1.

The chart covers four ten-year periods. Click the bar for the census year that ends the ten-year period in which the most states joined the Union.

Click on the figure to mark your answer (or focus it and use the arrow keys).

Hint

Subtract each bar from the bar after it. The answer is not necessarily the tallest bar.

Step-by-step solution

Data from the chart: 1790: 13; 1800: 16; 1810: 17; 1820: 23; 1830: 24.

Step by step — find the change in each period:

Period	Change
1790–1800	16 - 13 = 3
1800–1810	17 - 16 = 1
1810–1820	23 - 17 = 6
1820–1830	24 - 23 = 1

The greatest increase, 6 states, came from 1810 to 1820, so the period ends with the 1820 bar. Source 2 confirms it: Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, and Maine joined between 1812 and 1820.

Traps: 1830 is the tallest bar but shows the smallest change; 1810 begins the winning period.

Correct answer: the 1820 bar.

Tip: "Most growth" questions are about the difference between bars, not the height of a bar.

Question 29 of 36

Fill in

A Growing Union, 1790–1830

Source 1 — Chart

Source 2 — Background

(1) After independence, Americans moved west quickly. New states joined the Union on equal terms with the original thirteen, following rules first set out in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

(2) The Louisiana Purchase (1803) doubled the size of the nation, but before 1820 only one state, Louisiana (1812), was formed from it.

(3) During the War of 1812, many Native nations in the Great Lakes region fought alongside Britain, hoping to stop American settlement. The Shawnee leader Tecumseh was killed in battle in 1813. After the war ended in 1815, Britain stopped supporting Native resistance south of the Great Lakes, and settlers poured into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. In the South, cotton planting spread west rapidly, and enslaved people were forced to move with it.

(4) States admitted from 1812 to 1821: Louisiana (1812, slave), Indiana (1816, free), Mississippi (1817, slave), Illinois (1818, free), Alabama (1819, slave), Maine (1820, free), and Missouri (1821, slave).

(5) By the end of 1819 the Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states. When Missouri asked to join as a slave state, Congress argued bitterly, because its admission would upset this balance in the Senate. The Missouri Compromise (1820) admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and it banned slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′.

At the 1790 census, the Union had the original thirteen states. Using the chart in Source 1, find the percent growth in the number of states between the first census on the chart and the last one. Give your answer to one decimal place.

%

Type your answer in the box. Fractions like 3/4 are fine.

Hint

Use the 1790 bar as the starting value and the 1830 bar as the ending value.

Question 30 of 36

A Growing Union, 1790–1830

Source 1 — Chart

Source 2 — Background

(1) After independence, Americans moved west quickly. New states joined the Union on equal terms with the original thirteen, following rules first set out in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

(2) The Louisiana Purchase (1803) doubled the size of the nation, but before 1820 only one state, Louisiana (1812), was formed from it.

(3) During the War of 1812, many Native nations in the Great Lakes region fought alongside Britain, hoping to stop American settlement. The Shawnee leader Tecumseh was killed in battle in 1813. After the war ended in 1815, Britain stopped supporting Native resistance south of the Great Lakes, and settlers poured into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. In the South, cotton planting spread west rapidly, and enslaved people were forced to move with it.

(4) States admitted from 1812 to 1821: Louisiana (1812, slave), Indiana (1816, free), Mississippi (1817, slave), Illinois (1818, free), Alabama (1819, slave), Maine (1820, free), and Missouri (1821, slave).

(5) By the end of 1819 the Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states. When Missouri asked to join as a slave state, Congress argued bitterly, because its admission would upset this balance in the Senate. The Missouri Compromise (1820) admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and it banned slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′.

Source 1 shows that more states joined the Union from 1810 to 1820 than in any other decade on the chart. Based on Source 2, which factor best explains this growth?

AThe Louisiana Purchase created most of the new states.

BAfter the War of 1812, British support for Native resistance ended and settlers and cotton planting moved west.

CThe Missouri Compromise encouraged new states to apply for admission.

DThe Proclamation of 1763 opened western lands to settlers.

Hint

Look in Source 2 for what changed around 1815 and what happened to settlement afterward.

Question 31 of 36

The Embargo and the War of 1812

Source 1 — Background

(1) In the early 1800s, Britain and France were at war. Each tried to stop the United States from trading with the other. The British navy also stopped American ships at sea and forced thousands of sailors into British service, a practice called impressment.

(2) President Thomas Jefferson answered with the Embargo Act of 1807, which banned American ships from sailing to foreign ports. The embargo hurt American merchants, sailors, and farmers far more than it hurt Britain or France. Shipping states in New England suffered most. Congress repealed the embargo in 1809.

(3) Americans in the West also blamed Britain for supplying weapons to Native nations that resisted settlement. Members of Congress called "War Hawks," many from the South and West, pushed for war, and some hoped to conquer British Canada. In June 1812, at President James Madison's request, Congress declared war on Britain.

(4) The war went badly for the United States at first. In August 1814, British troops burned the Capitol and the White House in Washington, D.C. In December 1814, the two sides signed the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war and left the borders as they had been before. News crossed the ocean slowly, and in January 1815 General Andrew Jackson's army defeated a British attack at New Orleans, weeks after the treaty had been signed.

(5) The war changed no borders, but many Americans felt proud that the young nation had stood up to Britain. The Federalist Party, which had opposed the war, lost much of its support and soon faded.

Source 2 — A letter from a fictional Boston ship owner, 1808 (written for this app)

(6) My three ships have sat at the wharf since the winter. The sailors I once paid have gone, some to the fishing boats and some to the poorhouse. Mr. Jefferson says he is protecting us from the British, yet no British captain has cost me as much as my own government has this year.

Based on Source 1 and Source 2, why did the ship owner most likely blame his own government more than the British?

ABritish ships had seized his sailors through impressment.

BThe Embargo Act banned American ships from sailing to foreign ports, so his ships could not trade.

CCongress had declared war on Britain, and British warships blocked Boston.

DParliament had closed the port of Boston to punish the colonists.

Hint

Source 2 is dated 1808. Find what Jefferson's government did in 1807 in Source 1, and compare it with what has happened to the ship owner's ships.

Question 32 of 36

Select all

The Embargo and the War of 1812

Source 1 — Background

(1) In the early 1800s, Britain and France were at war. Each tried to stop the United States from trading with the other. The British navy also stopped American ships at sea and forced thousands of sailors into British service, a practice called impressment.

(2) President Thomas Jefferson answered with the Embargo Act of 1807, which banned American ships from sailing to foreign ports. The embargo hurt American merchants, sailors, and farmers far more than it hurt Britain or France. Shipping states in New England suffered most. Congress repealed the embargo in 1809.

(3) Americans in the West also blamed Britain for supplying weapons to Native nations that resisted settlement. Members of Congress called "War Hawks," many from the South and West, pushed for war, and some hoped to conquer British Canada. In June 1812, at President James Madison's request, Congress declared war on Britain.

(4) The war went badly for the United States at first. In August 1814, British troops burned the Capitol and the White House in Washington, D.C. In December 1814, the two sides signed the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war and left the borders as they had been before. News crossed the ocean slowly, and in January 1815 General Andrew Jackson's army defeated a British attack at New Orleans, weeks after the treaty had been signed.

(5) The war changed no borders, but many Americans felt proud that the young nation had stood up to Britain. The Federalist Party, which had opposed the war, lost much of its support and soon faded.

Source 2 — A letter from a fictional Boston ship owner, 1808 (written for this app)

(6) My three ships have sat at the wharf since the winter. The sailors I once paid have gone, some to the fishing boats and some to the poorhouse. Mr. Jefferson says he is protecting us from the British, yet no British captain has cost me as much as my own government has this year.

According to Source 1, which were reasons that the United States went to war with Britain in 1812? Select all that apply.

Select all that apply.

AThe British navy forced American sailors into British service.

BBritain supplied weapons to Native nations resisting settlement.

CBritish troops burned the White House and the Capitol.

DSome Americans hoped to conquer British Canada.

EBritain tried to stop American trade with France.

FThe Treaty of Ghent was signed.

Hint

Only paragraphs 1 and 3 describe reasons for the war. Paragraphs 4 and 5 describe what happened during and after it.

Question 33 of 36

Growth and the Louisiana Purchase

Source 1 — U.S. Census population, 1790–1820

Source 2 — Thomas Jefferson, letter to Robert R. Livingston, April 18, 1802

(1) There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three eighths of our territory must pass to market …

Source 3 — Background

(2) In 1803 the United States bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. The land, about 828,000 square miles, stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and roughly doubled the size of the country. Western farmers floated their crops down the Mississippi River to the port of New Orleans to reach buyers. President Jefferson then sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new land (1804–1806).

Which conclusion is supported by both Source 1 and Source 3?

ABetween 1790 and 1820, the U.S. population more than doubled, and the country's land area also roughly doubled.

BThe Louisiana Purchase caused the U.S. population to more than double.

CBy 1820, most Americans lived in the Louisiana Territory.

DThe United States paid about $18 for each acre of land.

Hint

Check two facts: how did the population change from 1790 to 1820, and how did the size of the country change? Then be careful about claims of cause.

Question 34 of 36

A Growing Union, 1790–1830

Source 1 — Chart

Source 2 — Background

(1) After independence, Americans moved west quickly. New states joined the Union on equal terms with the original thirteen, following rules first set out in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

(2) The Louisiana Purchase (1803) doubled the size of the nation, but before 1820 only one state, Louisiana (1812), was formed from it.

(3) During the War of 1812, many Native nations in the Great Lakes region fought alongside Britain, hoping to stop American settlement. The Shawnee leader Tecumseh was killed in battle in 1813. After the war ended in 1815, Britain stopped supporting Native resistance south of the Great Lakes, and settlers poured into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. In the South, cotton planting spread west rapidly, and enslaved people were forced to move with it.

(4) States admitted from 1812 to 1821: Louisiana (1812, slave), Indiana (1816, free), Mississippi (1817, slave), Illinois (1818, free), Alabama (1819, slave), Maine (1820, free), and Missouri (1821, slave).

(5) By the end of 1819 the Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states. When Missouri asked to join as a slave state, Congress argued bitterly, because its admission would upset this balance in the Senate. The Missouri Compromise (1820) admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and it banned slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′.

A historian wants a conclusion that draws on the chart and the background text together. Which conclusion do the two sources jointly support?

AMost new states from 1810 to 1820 were formed from the Louisiana Purchase.

BAmericans stopped moving west after 1820 because few states joined in the 1820s.

CEvery state admitted from 1812 to 1821 allowed slavery.

DThe rapid admission of new states in the 1810s made the balance between free and slave states a major political issue.

Hint

First rule out choices that Source 2 contradicts. Then check which remaining choice needs the chart as well.

Question 35 of 36

Drag and drop

The Embargo and the War of 1812

Source 1 — Background

(1) In the early 1800s, Britain and France were at war. Each tried to stop the United States from trading with the other. The British navy also stopped American ships at sea and forced thousands of sailors into British service, a practice called impressment.

(2) President Thomas Jefferson answered with the Embargo Act of 1807, which banned American ships from sailing to foreign ports. The embargo hurt American merchants, sailors, and farmers far more than it hurt Britain or France. Shipping states in New England suffered most. Congress repealed the embargo in 1809.

(3) Americans in the West also blamed Britain for supplying weapons to Native nations that resisted settlement. Members of Congress called "War Hawks," many from the South and West, pushed for war, and some hoped to conquer British Canada. In June 1812, at President James Madison's request, Congress declared war on Britain.

(4) The war went badly for the United States at first. In August 1814, British troops burned the Capitol and the White House in Washington, D.C. In December 1814, the two sides signed the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war and left the borders as they had been before. News crossed the ocean slowly, and in January 1815 General Andrew Jackson's army defeated a British attack at New Orleans, weeks after the treaty had been signed.

(5) The war changed no borders, but many Americans felt proud that the young nation had stood up to Britain. The Federalist Party, which had opposed the war, lost much of its support and soon faded.

Source 2 — A letter from a fictional Boston ship owner, 1808 (written for this app)

(6) My three ships have sat at the wharf since the winter. The sailors I once paid have gone, some to the fishing boats and some to the poorhouse. Mr. Jefferson says he is protecting us from the British, yet no British captain has cost me as much as my own government has this year.

Source 1 covers eight years of conflict with Britain. Build a chronology of the conflict: drag each event to its place, beginning with the event that came first.

Year order	What happened
1
2
3
4
5

Tap a tile, then tap a box to place it.

Hint

Watch the last two events closely: paragraph 4 says one happened "weeks after" the other.

Question 36 of 36

Two Presidents on Unity (1796 and 1801)

Source 1 — George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

(1) Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally. …

(2) It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. …

(3) Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all. …

Source 2 — Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801

(4) … Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. … But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. …

(5) … peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; …

Note: In the 1790s two political parties formed: the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, and the Democratic-Republicans (often called Republicans), led by Jefferson and James Madison. "Party" means a political party. "Public councils" are lawmaking bodies, and "enfeeble" means weaken. "Brethren" means brothers. The election of 1800 was bitter, and Jefferson defeated Adams. It was the first time power in the national government passed peacefully from one party to another.

How does Jefferson's statement in paragraph 5 compare with Washington's advice in paragraph 3?

AJefferson rejects Washington's advice and calls for a more warlike foreign policy.

BJefferson calls for a permanent alliance with France, while Washington wants peace with all.

CJefferson shares Washington's goal of peace with all nations and adds a clear warning against entangling alliances.

DBoth men call for ending trade with foreign nations to keep the country safe.

Hint

Both men mention "all nations." Then look at what Jefferson adds at the end of his phrase.

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