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Practice · R.4

Word meaning and tone in context

Question 1 of 36 · 0 right

Question 1 of 36

Five O'Clock

(1) At five in the morning, the bakery on Grant Street was still asleep, and it was Lena's job to wake it. She flipped the switch by the door, and the long fluorescent lights stuttered on one by one, as if they too needed a minute to remember where they were.

(2) The ovens came next. They were old and enormous, black iron giants that grumbled for twenty minutes before they were ready to work. While they warmed, Lena tied on her apron and pulled the dough from the walk-in cooler. It had been rising slowly all night, and it sighed when she pressed her thumb into it.

(3) Lena had not planned to be a baker. Two years earlier she had been laid off from the paper mill, along with half the town, and for months the days had stretched out in front of her like an empty highway. Then Mrs. Okafor, who owned the bakery, put a handwritten sign in the window: Help wanted. Early hours. Will train.

(4) The first weeks were humbling. Lena's loaves came out lopsided and pale. Her rolls were small, hard stones that Mrs. Okafor tapped on the counter without a word. But the older woman was patient. "Bread does not like to be rushed," she said. "Neither do bakers."

(5) Now Lena's hands knew the work. She shaped the loaves quickly, tucking the edges under with a turn of her wrists, and lined them up on the trays like soldiers waiting for orders. When the ovens finally reached temperature, she slid the trays in and closed the heavy doors.

(6) Then came her favorite part: the wait. Outside, the sky was still the color of a bruise, purple fading to gray at the edges. Inside, the smell of baking bread began to fill every corner of the room, warm and golden, wrapping itself around her shoulders like a blanket.

(7) By the time the first customer knocked at six-thirty—Mr. Petrakis, who always bought two rolls and complained about the weather—the shelves were full. Lena unlocked the door and let the cold in with him. "Morning," he grumbled, stamping snow from his boots.

(8) "Morning," Lena answered, and she meant it. A year ago, mornings had been something to get through. Now they were something she built, one loaf at a time.

In paragraph 3, the narrator says that after Lena was laid off, "the days had stretched out in front of her like an empty highway." This comparison suggests that the days felt

Answer choices
Hint

Picture an empty highway. What does it look like, and how might a person without a job feel about days like that?

Question 2 of 36

Five O'Clock

(1) At five in the morning, the bakery on Grant Street was still asleep, and it was Lena's job to wake it. She flipped the switch by the door, and the long fluorescent lights stuttered on one by one, as if they too needed a minute to remember where they were.

(2) The ovens came next. They were old and enormous, black iron giants that grumbled for twenty minutes before they were ready to work. While they warmed, Lena tied on her apron and pulled the dough from the walk-in cooler. It had been rising slowly all night, and it sighed when she pressed her thumb into it.

(3) Lena had not planned to be a baker. Two years earlier she had been laid off from the paper mill, along with half the town, and for months the days had stretched out in front of her like an empty highway. Then Mrs. Okafor, who owned the bakery, put a handwritten sign in the window: Help wanted. Early hours. Will train.

(4) The first weeks were humbling. Lena's loaves came out lopsided and pale. Her rolls were small, hard stones that Mrs. Okafor tapped on the counter without a word. But the older woman was patient. "Bread does not like to be rushed," she said. "Neither do bakers."

(5) Now Lena's hands knew the work. She shaped the loaves quickly, tucking the edges under with a turn of her wrists, and lined them up on the trays like soldiers waiting for orders. When the ovens finally reached temperature, she slid the trays in and closed the heavy doors.

(6) Then came her favorite part: the wait. Outside, the sky was still the color of a bruise, purple fading to gray at the edges. Inside, the smell of baking bread began to fill every corner of the room, warm and golden, wrapping itself around her shoulders like a blanket.

(7) By the time the first customer knocked at six-thirty—Mr. Petrakis, who always bought two rolls and complained about the weather—the shelves were full. Lena unlocked the door and let the cold in with him. "Morning," he grumbled, stamping snow from his boots.

(8) "Morning," Lena answered, and she meant it. A year ago, mornings had been something to get through. Now they were something she built, one loaf at a time.

As it is used in paragraph 4, the word humbling most nearly means

Answer choices
Hint

Read the sentences right after "humbling." What kind of results is Lena getting?

Question 3 of 36

Five O'Clock

(1) At five in the morning, the bakery on Grant Street was still asleep, and it was Lena's job to wake it. She flipped the switch by the door, and the long fluorescent lights stuttered on one by one, as if they too needed a minute to remember where they were.

(2) The ovens came next. They were old and enormous, black iron giants that grumbled for twenty minutes before they were ready to work. While they warmed, Lena tied on her apron and pulled the dough from the walk-in cooler. It had been rising slowly all night, and it sighed when she pressed her thumb into it.

(3) Lena had not planned to be a baker. Two years earlier she had been laid off from the paper mill, along with half the town, and for months the days had stretched out in front of her like an empty highway. Then Mrs. Okafor, who owned the bakery, put a handwritten sign in the window: Help wanted. Early hours. Will train.

(4) The first weeks were humbling. Lena's loaves came out lopsided and pale. Her rolls were small, hard stones that Mrs. Okafor tapped on the counter without a word. But the older woman was patient. "Bread does not like to be rushed," she said. "Neither do bakers."

(5) Now Lena's hands knew the work. She shaped the loaves quickly, tucking the edges under with a turn of her wrists, and lined them up on the trays like soldiers waiting for orders. When the ovens finally reached temperature, she slid the trays in and closed the heavy doors.

(6) Then came her favorite part: the wait. Outside, the sky was still the color of a bruise, purple fading to gray at the edges. Inside, the smell of baking bread began to fill every corner of the room, warm and golden, wrapping itself around her shoulders like a blanket.

(7) By the time the first customer knocked at six-thirty—Mr. Petrakis, who always bought two rolls and complained about the weather—the shelves were full. Lena unlocked the door and let the cold in with him. "Morning," he grumbled, stamping snow from his boots.

(8) "Morning," Lena answered, and she meant it. A year ago, mornings had been something to get through. Now they were something she built, one loaf at a time.

Which description best captures the mood the author creates inside the bakery in paragraph 6?

Answer choices
Hint

Paragraph 6 contrasts outside and inside. Look at the words used to describe the inside.

Question 4 of 36

First Snow on Hollis Street

(1) Amara had lived in the apartment on Hollis Street for three months, and in all that time the city had felt like a coat that did not fit. It pinched at the shoulders. The buses were too loud, the neighbors too busy, the winter sky the color of an old nickel. Back home, she would have known every face at the market. Here she knew the man at the corner store only by the way he grunted when he handed her change.

(2) On the first Saturday in December, she woke before dawn to a silence so complete that she thought, for a moment, she had gone deaf. No buses. No car doors. No one shouting into a phone on the sidewalk. She went to the window and pulled back the thin curtain.

(3) Snow. It had fallen all night and was still falling, fat, slow flakes drifting down through the yellow glow of the streetlight as if they had nowhere in particular to be. Every parked car wore a thick white cap. The fire escapes across the street had turned into delicate white ladders, and the trash cans along the curb looked like soft, rounded hills. The whole street, which had seemed so hard and gray, was hushed and new.

(4) Amara had never seen snow. She put on her boots without socks and her coat over her pajamas and went down the four flights of stairs as quietly as she could, as if the snow were a sleeping animal she did not want to wake.

(5) Outside, the cold caught her breath. She stood on the front step and let the flakes settle on her sleeves, each one a tiny, perfect star for half a second before it melted. Then she heard a scrape. The man from the corner store was clearing the sidewalk in front of his shop with a wide shovel. He looked up, saw her standing there in her pajamas with her mouth open, and did something she had not seen him do before. He laughed — not unkindly — and lifted his shovel in a kind of salute.

(6) "First time?" he called.

(7) "First time," she said.

(8) He leaned the shovel against the wall, went inside and came back with a second one. He held it out to her across the white, unbroken sidewalk. It was, she would think later, the first thing in the city that had ever been offered to her, and she took it.

In paragraph 1, the narrator says the city "had felt like a coat that did not fit." What does this comparison suggest?

Answer choices
Hint

Think about how a coat that does not fit feels to wear. Then connect that feeling to how Amara feels about the city.

Question 5 of 36

First Snow on Hollis Street

(1) Amara had lived in the apartment on Hollis Street for three months, and in all that time the city had felt like a coat that did not fit. It pinched at the shoulders. The buses were too loud, the neighbors too busy, the winter sky the color of an old nickel. Back home, she would have known every face at the market. Here she knew the man at the corner store only by the way he grunted when he handed her change.

(2) On the first Saturday in December, she woke before dawn to a silence so complete that she thought, for a moment, she had gone deaf. No buses. No car doors. No one shouting into a phone on the sidewalk. She went to the window and pulled back the thin curtain.

(3) Snow. It had fallen all night and was still falling, fat, slow flakes drifting down through the yellow glow of the streetlight as if they had nowhere in particular to be. Every parked car wore a thick white cap. The fire escapes across the street had turned into delicate white ladders, and the trash cans along the curb looked like soft, rounded hills. The whole street, which had seemed so hard and gray, was hushed and new.

(4) Amara had never seen snow. She put on her boots without socks and her coat over her pajamas and went down the four flights of stairs as quietly as she could, as if the snow were a sleeping animal she did not want to wake.

(5) Outside, the cold caught her breath. She stood on the front step and let the flakes settle on her sleeves, each one a tiny, perfect star for half a second before it melted. Then she heard a scrape. The man from the corner store was clearing the sidewalk in front of his shop with a wide shovel. He looked up, saw her standing there in her pajamas with her mouth open, and did something she had not seen him do before. He laughed — not unkindly — and lifted his shovel in a kind of salute.

(6) "First time?" he called.

(7) "First time," she said.

(8) He leaned the shovel against the wall, went inside and came back with a second one. He held it out to her across the white, unbroken sidewalk. It was, she would think later, the first thing in the city that had ever been offered to her, and she took it.

How would a reader most likely feel while reading the description of the snowy street in paragraph 3?

Answer choices
Hint

Notice the sounds and images: fat, slow flakes, soft, rounded hills, hushed and new. How do they make a reader feel?

Question 6 of 36

Email: Front Desk Coverage Starting June 3

(1) From: Priya Nair, Office Manager
To: Front Desk Team, Riverside Family Dental
Subject: Front desk coverage starting June 3

Hi everyone,

As most of you know, our patient numbers have grown steadily this spring, and the front desk has been stretched thin, especially during the lunch hour and the last two hours of the day. Several of you have told me you are skipping breaks to keep up. That is not acceptable to me, and I appreciate your honesty in raising it.

(2) Starting Monday, June 3, we will add a fourth person to the front desk schedule. Jordan Ellis, who has been working in our billing office, will float between billing and the front desk. On busy days, Jordan will cover check-in from 11:30 to 2:00 so that each of you can take a full, uninterrupted lunch break. On slower days, Jordan will stay in billing.

(3) We are also changing how we block the schedule. The last appointment slot of each day will now be held open for emergencies until 3:00 p.m. If no emergency patient has called by then, the slot can be offered to patients on the waiting list. This should reduce the scramble we have all felt when a patient with a broken tooth calls at 4:30 and we have nowhere to put them.

(4) I know that changes like this can feel like one more thing to learn, and I want to be realistic: the first couple of weeks may be bumpy. Jordan is still learning our check-in system, so please be patient and show the same kindness you show our nervous patients every day. If something about the new schedule is not working, tell me. I would much rather adjust the plan in week two than discover a problem in month three.

(5) Finally, thank you. Our patients regularly mention how welcoming the front desk is, and that does not happen by accident. It happens because of the care each of you brings to work. This change is meant to make sure you have the support you need to keep doing that well.

Best,
Priya

In paragraph 2, the office manager says Jordan will float between billing and the front desk. As used in this workplace context, float most nearly means

Answer choices
Hint

The sentences right after the word explain what Jordan will actually do on busy and slow days.

Question 7 of 36

Five O'Clock

(1) At five in the morning, the bakery on Grant Street was still asleep, and it was Lena's job to wake it. She flipped the switch by the door, and the long fluorescent lights stuttered on one by one, as if they too needed a minute to remember where they were.

(2) The ovens came next. They were old and enormous, black iron giants that grumbled for twenty minutes before they were ready to work. While they warmed, Lena tied on her apron and pulled the dough from the walk-in cooler. It had been rising slowly all night, and it sighed when she pressed her thumb into it.

(3) Lena had not planned to be a baker. Two years earlier she had been laid off from the paper mill, along with half the town, and for months the days had stretched out in front of her like an empty highway. Then Mrs. Okafor, who owned the bakery, put a handwritten sign in the window: Help wanted. Early hours. Will train.

(4) The first weeks were humbling. Lena's loaves came out lopsided and pale. Her rolls were small, hard stones that Mrs. Okafor tapped on the counter without a word. But the older woman was patient. "Bread does not like to be rushed," she said. "Neither do bakers."

(5) Now Lena's hands knew the work. She shaped the loaves quickly, tucking the edges under with a turn of her wrists, and lined them up on the trays like soldiers waiting for orders. When the ovens finally reached temperature, she slid the trays in and closed the heavy doors.

(6) Then came her favorite part: the wait. Outside, the sky was still the color of a bruise, purple fading to gray at the edges. Inside, the smell of baking bread began to fill every corner of the room, warm and golden, wrapping itself around her shoulders like a blanket.

(7) By the time the first customer knocked at six-thirty—Mr. Petrakis, who always bought two rolls and complained about the weather—the shelves were full. Lena unlocked the door and let the cold in with him. "Morning," he grumbled, stamping snow from his boots.

(8) "Morning," Lena answered, and she meant it. A year ago, mornings had been something to get through. Now they were something she built, one loaf at a time.

In paragraph 8, the narrator says that mornings were once "something to get through" but are now "something she built, one loaf at a time." What does this contrast in word choice mainly show?

Answer choices
Hint

Compare the two phrases. Which one sounds like enduring something, and which sounds like creating something?

Question 8 of 36

Letter to the Editor: Keep Sunday Hours

A letter to the editor of a local newspaper, written by a Westfield resident

(1) Last week, the county board quietly approved a plan to close the Westfield Branch Library on Sundays to save about $60,000 a year. The decision was buried on page twelve of a forty-page budget and approved at a 9:00 a.m. Tuesday meeting that few working people could attend. If the board hoped no one would notice, it underestimated the people who depend on that building.

(2) To some board members, Sunday hours may look like a luxury. To the families of Westfield, they are a lifeline. Sunday is the only day many parents are free to bring their children to story time. It is the day students study for Monday tests at the long wooden tables. It is the day job seekers without home internet use the library's computers to submit applications that are due before the week begins.

(3) Supporters of the cut point out that Sunday attendance is lower than Saturday attendance. That is true, but it misses the point. The people who come on Sunday are often the people who cannot come at any other time. A bus driver who works six days a week does not care that Saturday is busier; Sunday is the only day she has.

(4) The board also claims the savings are necessary. Yet in the same budget, it found money to repave the parking lot of the county office building, a project that could easily have waited another year. Sixty thousand dollars is a rounding error in a budget of this size. It is not a rounding error to the teenager who has nowhere else to study.

(5) I am not asking the board to spend recklessly. I am asking it to look again. Hold an evening hearing where working residents can speak. Count not only how many people walk through the doors on Sunday, but who they are and where else they could go. Ask whether a smaller cut—shorter Sunday hours instead of none—could save money without shutting the door entirely.

(6) A library is not just a building full of books. It is one of the last places in our town where anyone can walk in, sit down and stay, without buying anything or explaining themselves. Closing it on Sundays will not make headlines. It will simply make life a little harder for the people who already have the least room to spare. The board should reverse this decision.

In paragraph 1, the author says the board "quietly approved" the plan and that the decision was "buried on page twelve." These word choices suggest that the board

Answer choices
Hint

Think about what "buried" suggests beyond its dictionary meaning. Why would someone bury something?

Question 9 of 36

Drop-down
Letter to the Editor: Keep Sunday Hours

A letter to the editor of a local newspaper, written by a Westfield resident

(1) Last week, the county board quietly approved a plan to close the Westfield Branch Library on Sundays to save about $60,000 a year. The decision was buried on page twelve of a forty-page budget and approved at a 9:00 a.m. Tuesday meeting that few working people could attend. If the board hoped no one would notice, it underestimated the people who depend on that building.

(2) To some board members, Sunday hours may look like a luxury. To the families of Westfield, they are a lifeline. Sunday is the only day many parents are free to bring their children to story time. It is the day students study for Monday tests at the long wooden tables. It is the day job seekers without home internet use the library's computers to submit applications that are due before the week begins.

(3) Supporters of the cut point out that Sunday attendance is lower than Saturday attendance. That is true, but it misses the point. The people who come on Sunday are often the people who cannot come at any other time. A bus driver who works six days a week does not care that Saturday is busier; Sunday is the only day she has.

(4) The board also claims the savings are necessary. Yet in the same budget, it found money to repave the parking lot of the county office building, a project that could easily have waited another year. Sixty thousand dollars is a rounding error in a budget of this size. It is not a rounding error to the teenager who has nowhere else to study.

(5) I am not asking the board to spend recklessly. I am asking it to look again. Hold an evening hearing where working residents can speak. Count not only how many people walk through the doors on Sunday, but who they are and where else they could go. Ask whether a smaller cut—shorter Sunday hours instead of none—could save money without shutting the door entirely.

(6) A library is not just a building full of books. It is one of the last places in our town where anyone can walk in, sit down and stay, without buying anything or explaining themselves. Closing it on Sundays will not make headlines. It will simply make life a little harder for the people who already have the least room to spare. The board should reverse this decision.

Choose the option that correctly completes each part of the sentence.

In paragraph 2, the author calls Sunday hours "a lifeline." In this context, lifeline means , and the word helps the author .

Choose an answer from each menu.

Hint

Read the two sentences together: "To some board members… a luxury. To the families of Westfield, they are a lifeline." How are the two words being compared?

Question 10 of 36

Letter to the Editor: Keep Sunday Hours

A letter to the editor of a local newspaper, written by a Westfield resident

(1) Last week, the county board quietly approved a plan to close the Westfield Branch Library on Sundays to save about $60,000 a year. The decision was buried on page twelve of a forty-page budget and approved at a 9:00 a.m. Tuesday meeting that few working people could attend. If the board hoped no one would notice, it underestimated the people who depend on that building.

(2) To some board members, Sunday hours may look like a luxury. To the families of Westfield, they are a lifeline. Sunday is the only day many parents are free to bring their children to story time. It is the day students study for Monday tests at the long wooden tables. It is the day job seekers without home internet use the library's computers to submit applications that are due before the week begins.

(3) Supporters of the cut point out that Sunday attendance is lower than Saturday attendance. That is true, but it misses the point. The people who come on Sunday are often the people who cannot come at any other time. A bus driver who works six days a week does not care that Saturday is busier; Sunday is the only day she has.

(4) The board also claims the savings are necessary. Yet in the same budget, it found money to repave the parking lot of the county office building, a project that could easily have waited another year. Sixty thousand dollars is a rounding error in a budget of this size. It is not a rounding error to the teenager who has nowhere else to study.

(5) I am not asking the board to spend recklessly. I am asking it to look again. Hold an evening hearing where working residents can speak. Count not only how many people walk through the doors on Sunday, but who they are and where else they could go. Ask whether a smaller cut—shorter Sunday hours instead of none—could save money without shutting the door entirely.

(6) A library is not just a building full of books. It is one of the last places in our town where anyone can walk in, sit down and stay, without buying anything or explaining themselves. Closing it on Sundays will not make headlines. It will simply make life a little harder for the people who already have the least room to spare. The board should reverse this decision.

Which choice best describes the author's overall tone in the letter?

Answer choices
Hint

Look at both the strong words in paragraphs 1–4 and the requests in paragraph 5. The right answer must fit both.

Question 11 of 36

Select all
Letter to the Editor: Keep Sunday Hours

A letter to the editor of a local newspaper, written by a Westfield resident

(1) Last week, the county board quietly approved a plan to close the Westfield Branch Library on Sundays to save about $60,000 a year. The decision was buried on page twelve of a forty-page budget and approved at a 9:00 a.m. Tuesday meeting that few working people could attend. If the board hoped no one would notice, it underestimated the people who depend on that building.

(2) To some board members, Sunday hours may look like a luxury. To the families of Westfield, they are a lifeline. Sunday is the only day many parents are free to bring their children to story time. It is the day students study for Monday tests at the long wooden tables. It is the day job seekers without home internet use the library's computers to submit applications that are due before the week begins.

(3) Supporters of the cut point out that Sunday attendance is lower than Saturday attendance. That is true, but it misses the point. The people who come on Sunday are often the people who cannot come at any other time. A bus driver who works six days a week does not care that Saturday is busier; Sunday is the only day she has.

(4) The board also claims the savings are necessary. Yet in the same budget, it found money to repave the parking lot of the county office building, a project that could easily have waited another year. Sixty thousand dollars is a rounding error in a budget of this size. It is not a rounding error to the teenager who has nowhere else to study.

(5) I am not asking the board to spend recklessly. I am asking it to look again. Hold an evening hearing where working residents can speak. Count not only how many people walk through the doors on Sunday, but who they are and where else they could go. Ask whether a smaller cut—shorter Sunday hours instead of none—could save money without shutting the door entirely.

(6) A library is not just a building full of books. It is one of the last places in our town where anyone can walk in, sit down and stay, without buying anything or explaining themselves. Closing it on Sundays will not make headlines. It will simply make life a little harder for the people who already have the least room to spare. The board should reverse this decision.

Select all of the phrases the author uses to suggest that the board made its decision in a way that avoided public attention.

Select all that apply.

Answer choices
Hint

Paragraph 1 is about how the decision was made. Phrases from other paragraphs may be about something else.

Question 12 of 36

Letter: Response to a Resident

Dear Mr. Alvarez,

(1) Thank you for your letter of October 2 about the broken elevator at Maple Court. You are right to be frustrated. For eleven days, residents on the upper floors—including you and your mother, who uses a walker—have had to rely on the stairs. That is not acceptable, and I apologize.

(2) I want to be candid about what caused the delay. The elevator's control board failed on September 24. Our repair company identified the problem the next day, but the replacement part had to be ordered from the manufacturer, and it is not scheduled to arrive until October 9. We pressed the repair company for a faster option, and none was available.

(3) In the meantime, we are taking several steps. Starting tomorrow, a staff member will be stationed in the lobby from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. to carry groceries and packages to any floor. We have also arranged for a portable stair-climbing chair, operated by trained staff, for residents who need help getting to medical appointments. Please call the office at least two hours ahead so we can schedule it.

(4) Your letter also noted that residents were not told how long the repair would take. That criticism is fair. Our notice in the lobby said only "Elevator out of service," which left people guessing. From now on, any outage longer than one day will be announced by text message and by a posted notice that includes the cause and an expected repair date. We will update both if the date changes.

(5) Finally, because the building has not provided the service you pay for, we will credit each upper-floor household $75 on its November rent statement. This does not make up for the inconvenience, but we hope it shows that we take the problem seriously.

(6) I will call you personally on October 9 to confirm that the elevator is running. If anything comes up before then, my direct line is 555-0148.

Sincerely, Janet Moore Property Manager, Maple Court Apartments

As it is used in paragraph 2, the word candid most nearly means

Answer choices
Hint

What does the writer do right after saying she wants to be candid?

Question 13 of 36

First Snow on Hollis Street

(1) Amara had lived in the apartment on Hollis Street for three months, and in all that time the city had felt like a coat that did not fit. It pinched at the shoulders. The buses were too loud, the neighbors too busy, the winter sky the color of an old nickel. Back home, she would have known every face at the market. Here she knew the man at the corner store only by the way he grunted when he handed her change.

(2) On the first Saturday in December, she woke before dawn to a silence so complete that she thought, for a moment, she had gone deaf. No buses. No car doors. No one shouting into a phone on the sidewalk. She went to the window and pulled back the thin curtain.

(3) Snow. It had fallen all night and was still falling, fat, slow flakes drifting down through the yellow glow of the streetlight as if they had nowhere in particular to be. Every parked car wore a thick white cap. The fire escapes across the street had turned into delicate white ladders, and the trash cans along the curb looked like soft, rounded hills. The whole street, which had seemed so hard and gray, was hushed and new.

(4) Amara had never seen snow. She put on her boots without socks and her coat over her pajamas and went down the four flights of stairs as quietly as she could, as if the snow were a sleeping animal she did not want to wake.

(5) Outside, the cold caught her breath. She stood on the front step and let the flakes settle on her sleeves, each one a tiny, perfect star for half a second before it melted. Then she heard a scrape. The man from the corner store was clearing the sidewalk in front of his shop with a wide shovel. He looked up, saw her standing there in her pajamas with her mouth open, and did something she had not seen him do before. He laughed — not unkindly — and lifted his shovel in a kind of salute.

(6) "First time?" he called.

(7) "First time," she said.

(8) He leaned the shovel against the wall, went inside and came back with a second one. He held it out to her across the white, unbroken sidewalk. It was, she would think later, the first thing in the city that had ever been offered to her, and she took it.

As it is used in paragraph 5, the word caught in "the cold caught her breath" most nearly means

Answer choices
Hint

Picture stepping into very cold air. What happens to your breathing for a moment?

Question 14 of 36

First Snow on Hollis Street

(1) Amara had lived in the apartment on Hollis Street for three months, and in all that time the city had felt like a coat that did not fit. It pinched at the shoulders. The buses were too loud, the neighbors too busy, the winter sky the color of an old nickel. Back home, she would have known every face at the market. Here she knew the man at the corner store only by the way he grunted when he handed her change.

(2) On the first Saturday in December, she woke before dawn to a silence so complete that she thought, for a moment, she had gone deaf. No buses. No car doors. No one shouting into a phone on the sidewalk. She went to the window and pulled back the thin curtain.

(3) Snow. It had fallen all night and was still falling, fat, slow flakes drifting down through the yellow glow of the streetlight as if they had nowhere in particular to be. Every parked car wore a thick white cap. The fire escapes across the street had turned into delicate white ladders, and the trash cans along the curb looked like soft, rounded hills. The whole street, which had seemed so hard and gray, was hushed and new.

(4) Amara had never seen snow. She put on her boots without socks and her coat over her pajamas and went down the four flights of stairs as quietly as she could, as if the snow were a sleeping animal she did not want to wake.

(5) Outside, the cold caught her breath. She stood on the front step and let the flakes settle on her sleeves, each one a tiny, perfect star for half a second before it melted. Then she heard a scrape. The man from the corner store was clearing the sidewalk in front of his shop with a wide shovel. He looked up, saw her standing there in her pajamas with her mouth open, and did something she had not seen him do before. He laughed — not unkindly — and lifted his shovel in a kind of salute.

(6) "First time?" he called.

(7) "First time," she said.

(8) He leaned the shovel against the wall, went inside and came back with a second one. He held it out to her across the white, unbroken sidewalk. It was, she would think later, the first thing in the city that had ever been offered to her, and she took it.

In paragraph 8, the narrator says the shovel "was, she would think later, the first thing in the city that had ever been offered to her." How does the word offered contribute to the meaning of the story?

Answer choices
Hint

Go back to paragraph 1. How did Amara describe her contact with the store owner then? What is different now?

Question 15 of 36

Email: Front Desk Coverage Starting June 3

(1) From: Priya Nair, Office Manager
To: Front Desk Team, Riverside Family Dental
Subject: Front desk coverage starting June 3

Hi everyone,

As most of you know, our patient numbers have grown steadily this spring, and the front desk has been stretched thin, especially during the lunch hour and the last two hours of the day. Several of you have told me you are skipping breaks to keep up. That is not acceptable to me, and I appreciate your honesty in raising it.

(2) Starting Monday, June 3, we will add a fourth person to the front desk schedule. Jordan Ellis, who has been working in our billing office, will float between billing and the front desk. On busy days, Jordan will cover check-in from 11:30 to 2:00 so that each of you can take a full, uninterrupted lunch break. On slower days, Jordan will stay in billing.

(3) We are also changing how we block the schedule. The last appointment slot of each day will now be held open for emergencies until 3:00 p.m. If no emergency patient has called by then, the slot can be offered to patients on the waiting list. This should reduce the scramble we have all felt when a patient with a broken tooth calls at 4:30 and we have nowhere to put them.

(4) I know that changes like this can feel like one more thing to learn, and I want to be realistic: the first couple of weeks may be bumpy. Jordan is still learning our check-in system, so please be patient and show the same kindness you show our nervous patients every day. If something about the new schedule is not working, tell me. I would much rather adjust the plan in week two than discover a problem in month three.

(5) Finally, thank you. Our patients regularly mention how welcoming the front desk is, and that does not happen by accident. It happens because of the care each of you brings to work. This change is meant to make sure you have the support you need to keep doing that well.

Best,
Priya

Which pair of words best describes the office manager's attitude throughout the email?

Answer choices
Hint

Look at how the manager responds to staff complaints (paragraph 1), how she describes the first weeks (paragraph 4) and how she ends (paragraph 5).

Question 16 of 36

Drop-down
Email: Front Desk Coverage Starting June 3

(1) From: Priya Nair, Office Manager
To: Front Desk Team, Riverside Family Dental
Subject: Front desk coverage starting June 3

Hi everyone,

As most of you know, our patient numbers have grown steadily this spring, and the front desk has been stretched thin, especially during the lunch hour and the last two hours of the day. Several of you have told me you are skipping breaks to keep up. That is not acceptable to me, and I appreciate your honesty in raising it.

(2) Starting Monday, June 3, we will add a fourth person to the front desk schedule. Jordan Ellis, who has been working in our billing office, will float between billing and the front desk. On busy days, Jordan will cover check-in from 11:30 to 2:00 so that each of you can take a full, uninterrupted lunch break. On slower days, Jordan will stay in billing.

(3) We are also changing how we block the schedule. The last appointment slot of each day will now be held open for emergencies until 3:00 p.m. If no emergency patient has called by then, the slot can be offered to patients on the waiting list. This should reduce the scramble we have all felt when a patient with a broken tooth calls at 4:30 and we have nowhere to put them.

(4) I know that changes like this can feel like one more thing to learn, and I want to be realistic: the first couple of weeks may be bumpy. Jordan is still learning our check-in system, so please be patient and show the same kindness you show our nervous patients every day. If something about the new schedule is not working, tell me. I would much rather adjust the plan in week two than discover a problem in month three.

(5) Finally, thank you. Our patients regularly mention how welcoming the front desk is, and that does not happen by accident. It happens because of the care each of you brings to work. This change is meant to make sure you have the support you need to keep doing that well.

Best,
Priya

Choose the option that correctly completes each part of the sentence.

In paragraph 3, block the schedule means to , and the manager uses the phrase "the scramble we have all felt" to suggest that last-minute emergency calls have been .

Choose an answer from each menu.

Hint

Read what the email says is being done to the last appointment slot. Then think about what a scramble feels like.

Question 17 of 36

Email: Front Desk Coverage Starting June 3

(1) From: Priya Nair, Office Manager
To: Front Desk Team, Riverside Family Dental
Subject: Front desk coverage starting June 3

Hi everyone,

As most of you know, our patient numbers have grown steadily this spring, and the front desk has been stretched thin, especially during the lunch hour and the last two hours of the day. Several of you have told me you are skipping breaks to keep up. That is not acceptable to me, and I appreciate your honesty in raising it.

(2) Starting Monday, June 3, we will add a fourth person to the front desk schedule. Jordan Ellis, who has been working in our billing office, will float between billing and the front desk. On busy days, Jordan will cover check-in from 11:30 to 2:00 so that each of you can take a full, uninterrupted lunch break. On slower days, Jordan will stay in billing.

(3) We are also changing how we block the schedule. The last appointment slot of each day will now be held open for emergencies until 3:00 p.m. If no emergency patient has called by then, the slot can be offered to patients on the waiting list. This should reduce the scramble we have all felt when a patient with a broken tooth calls at 4:30 and we have nowhere to put them.

(4) I know that changes like this can feel like one more thing to learn, and I want to be realistic: the first couple of weeks may be bumpy. Jordan is still learning our check-in system, so please be patient and show the same kindness you show our nervous patients every day. If something about the new schedule is not working, tell me. I would much rather adjust the plan in week two than discover a problem in month three.

(5) Finally, thank you. Our patients regularly mention how welcoming the front desk is, and that does not happen by accident. It happens because of the care each of you brings to work. This change is meant to make sure you have the support you need to keep doing that well.

Best,
Priya

In paragraph 1, the manager writes that staff skipping breaks "is not acceptable to me." How would the meaning change if she had written "is not ideal" instead?

Answer choices
Hint

Compare the strength of the two phrases. Which one tells staff the manager will act?

Question 18 of 36

Opinion: Let Our Town See the Stars Again

(1) When I was a girl in Pine Hollow, my grandfather would take me out to the end of our gravel road on summer nights and point out the constellations one by one. The Milky Way spilled across the sky like flour across a dark table. Last month I took my own daughter to that same spot. We could find the Big Dipper, barely, through an orange haze. The Milky Way was gone.

(2) What happened? Not much, on any single night. A new gas station with lights bright enough to land a plane. A parking lot lit until dawn for cars that are not there. Billboards that glow at full strength at three in the morning. Each of these lights was approved one at a time, and each seemed harmless. Together they have smothered the night sky over our town.

(3) Some will say that this is a small loss, a matter of taste. It is not. Scientists have found that artificial light at night can confuse migrating birds, which use the stars to find their way, and that it can disrupt the sleep of people whose bedrooms face glaring streetlights. Every bulb that shines up into the sky instead of down onto the ground is also wasted electricity, paid for by taxpayers and businesses.

(4) The good news is that this is one of the easiest problems a town will ever solve. We do not need to turn off the lights. We need to aim them. Shielded fixtures, which direct light downward where people actually need it, are widely available and often cost no more than the glaring ones. Timers can dim parking-lot and billboard lights after business hours. Warmer-colored bulbs reduce glare without making streets less safe.

(5) Next month, the town council will vote on an outdoor lighting ordinance that would require shielded fixtures on all new construction and ask businesses to dim nonessential lights after 11:00 p.m. It is a modest, sensible proposal. It would not cost homeowners a cent unless they choose to replace a fixture, and it would give businesses five years to comply.

(6) I urge every resident to attend the meeting on June 12 and speak in favor of the ordinance. And on the next clear night, walk out to the edge of town and look up. Imagine what your grandparents saw. Then imagine what your grandchildren could see — if we decide, together, to let the dark come back.

In paragraph 2, the author says that the new lights "have smothered the night sky over our town." What does the word smothered suggest?

Answer choices
Hint

Think about what it means to smother something or someone. Is the word neutral, positive or negative?

Question 19 of 36

Select all
Opinion: Let Our Town See the Stars Again

(1) When I was a girl in Pine Hollow, my grandfather would take me out to the end of our gravel road on summer nights and point out the constellations one by one. The Milky Way spilled across the sky like flour across a dark table. Last month I took my own daughter to that same spot. We could find the Big Dipper, barely, through an orange haze. The Milky Way was gone.

(2) What happened? Not much, on any single night. A new gas station with lights bright enough to land a plane. A parking lot lit until dawn for cars that are not there. Billboards that glow at full strength at three in the morning. Each of these lights was approved one at a time, and each seemed harmless. Together they have smothered the night sky over our town.

(3) Some will say that this is a small loss, a matter of taste. It is not. Scientists have found that artificial light at night can confuse migrating birds, which use the stars to find their way, and that it can disrupt the sleep of people whose bedrooms face glaring streetlights. Every bulb that shines up into the sky instead of down onto the ground is also wasted electricity, paid for by taxpayers and businesses.

(4) The good news is that this is one of the easiest problems a town will ever solve. We do not need to turn off the lights. We need to aim them. Shielded fixtures, which direct light downward where people actually need it, are widely available and often cost no more than the glaring ones. Timers can dim parking-lot and billboard lights after business hours. Warmer-colored bulbs reduce glare without making streets less safe.

(5) Next month, the town council will vote on an outdoor lighting ordinance that would require shielded fixtures on all new construction and ask businesses to dim nonessential lights after 11:00 p.m. It is a modest, sensible proposal. It would not cost homeowners a cent unless they choose to replace a fixture, and it would give businesses five years to comply.

(6) I urge every resident to attend the meeting on June 12 and speak in favor of the ordinance. And on the next clear night, walk out to the edge of town and look up. Imagine what your grandparents saw. Then imagine what your grandchildren could see — if we decide, together, to let the dark come back.

Select all of the phrases the author uses to make the town's current lighting seem excessive or wasteful.

Select all that apply.

Answer choices
Hint

Look in paragraphs 2 and 3 for phrases that exaggerate brightness or point out lights that no one is using.

Question 20 of 36

The Radio

(1) The radio had sat on Grandma Inez's kitchen windowsill for as long as Teo could remember: a squat, cream-colored box with one cracked knob and a dial that glowed amber when it warmed up. It was older than his mother. It hummed before it spoke. Every morning of every summer he had spent in that house, it had filled the kitchen with baseball scores, weather reports and songs in two languages while Grandma Inez stirred oatmeal and sang along, always a little off-key and never the least bit embarrassed.

(2) Now Grandma Inez had been gone for three weeks, and Teo's mother had asked him to help clear out the house. He had been doing fine. He had boxed up the dishes and the towels and the stacks of church bulletins without stopping. He had carried bags to the curb, joked with his cousin about the forty-year-old jar of buttons and argued cheerfully over who would get the good frying pan.

(3) Then he reached the windowsill.

(4) He picked up the radio, meaning to put it in the box marked Donate. It was heavier than he expected, the way her hands had been heavier than he expected when she squeezed his on the last afternoon in the hospital. The cord dangled. The cracked knob stared up at him like a small, patient eye. The kitchen, stripped of its curtains and calendars, was suddenly a cave of echoes, and every sound he made bounced back at him from the bare walls.

(5) He did not know how long he stood there. Long enough that his cousin called his name twice from the hallway.

(6) Without quite deciding to, Teo plugged the radio in. It hummed — that same low, warming hum — and the amber dial flickered, caught and glowed. Static, then a voice, then music: a trumpet, a bright, brassy song he half recognized. It was one she used to sing. He laughed out loud, a laugh that surprised him, and then he was crying and laughing at the same time, and he did not try to stop either one.

(7) His mother found him like that, standing in the empty kitchen with the radio in his arms. She did not say anything. She just came and stood beside him and, after a moment, began to sing along, a little off-key.

(8) The radio did not go in the Donate box. It sits on Teo's own kitchen windowsill now. He turns it on every morning, and he sings along, never the least bit embarrassed.

In paragraph 4, the narrator says the cracked knob "stared up at him like a small, patient eye." What does this description suggest?

Answer choices
Hint

The knob is given a human action (stared) and a human quality (patient). What might it seem to be waiting for?

Question 21 of 36

The Radio

(1) The radio had sat on Grandma Inez's kitchen windowsill for as long as Teo could remember: a squat, cream-colored box with one cracked knob and a dial that glowed amber when it warmed up. It was older than his mother. It hummed before it spoke. Every morning of every summer he had spent in that house, it had filled the kitchen with baseball scores, weather reports and songs in two languages while Grandma Inez stirred oatmeal and sang along, always a little off-key and never the least bit embarrassed.

(2) Now Grandma Inez had been gone for three weeks, and Teo's mother had asked him to help clear out the house. He had been doing fine. He had boxed up the dishes and the towels and the stacks of church bulletins without stopping. He had carried bags to the curb, joked with his cousin about the forty-year-old jar of buttons and argued cheerfully over who would get the good frying pan.

(3) Then he reached the windowsill.

(4) He picked up the radio, meaning to put it in the box marked Donate. It was heavier than he expected, the way her hands had been heavier than he expected when she squeezed his on the last afternoon in the hospital. The cord dangled. The cracked knob stared up at him like a small, patient eye. The kitchen, stripped of its curtains and calendars, was suddenly a cave of echoes, and every sound he made bounced back at him from the bare walls.

(5) He did not know how long he stood there. Long enough that his cousin called his name twice from the hallway.

(6) Without quite deciding to, Teo plugged the radio in. It hummed — that same low, warming hum — and the amber dial flickered, caught and glowed. Static, then a voice, then music: a trumpet, a bright, brassy song he half recognized. It was one she used to sing. He laughed out loud, a laugh that surprised him, and then he was crying and laughing at the same time, and he did not try to stop either one.

(7) His mother found him like that, standing in the empty kitchen with the radio in his arms. She did not say anything. She just came and stood beside him and, after a moment, began to sing along, a little off-key.

(8) The radio did not go in the Donate box. It sits on Teo's own kitchen windowsill now. He turns it on every morning, and he sings along, never the least bit embarrassed.

Which phrase from paragraph 4 contributes most to a mood of emptiness and loss?

Answer choices
Hint

Look for an image that shows how the kitchen itself has changed now that Grandma Inez is gone.

Question 22 of 36

Who Answers the Call?

(1) In much of rural America, the people who show up when a barn catches fire or a car slides off an icy road are not full-time firefighters. They are teachers, mechanics, farmers and store clerks who carry pagers and leave their regular jobs at a moment's notice. In Dunmore County, where this article focuses, all six fire companies are staffed almost entirely by volunteers.

(2) Becoming a volunteer firefighter is not as simple as signing a form. New members complete well over a hundred hours of basic training, often on weeknights and weekends. They learn to use breathing equipment, handle hoses that can kick with surprising force, search smoke-filled rooms and give first aid. After that, they attend regular drills — practice sessions in which the crew rehearses everything from ladder rescues to pumping water from a pond.

(3) The work has changed in recent years. Fires are actually a small share of the calls most companies receive. Far more often, volunteers respond to medical emergencies, traffic crashes, fallen power lines and, in Dunmore County, the occasional hiker lost in the state forest. Many volunteers have added emergency medical training so they can help patients in the critical minutes before an ambulance arrives from the regional hospital, forty minutes away.

(4) Despite their importance, volunteer companies across the country have struggled to find new members. Fewer people work in the same town where they live, so fewer can leave a job to answer a call. Training takes time that busy families may not have. In Dunmore County, the average age of volunteers has crept upward, and some companies now have only a handful of members available during weekday daytime hours, when many people are at work in other towns.

(5) Some communities are trying new approaches. Dunmore County now pays for training and offers a small property-tax credit to active volunteers. Two companies have created "daytime crews" made up of retirees and people who work from home. The county's largest company has also started a junior program, in which high school students learn basic skills and help at the station, though they do not enter burning buildings.

(6) Whether these efforts will be enough remains an open question. What is not in question is the value of the people who already serve. As one longtime captain put it at a recent county meeting, the pager does not care whether it is your birthday, your daughter's soccer game or three in the morning. When it goes off, someone has to go.

In paragraph 2, the word drills refers to

Answer choices
Hint

The text defines this word right after it, after a dash.

Question 23 of 36

Letter: Response to a Resident

Dear Mr. Alvarez,

(1) Thank you for your letter of October 2 about the broken elevator at Maple Court. You are right to be frustrated. For eleven days, residents on the upper floors—including you and your mother, who uses a walker—have had to rely on the stairs. That is not acceptable, and I apologize.

(2) I want to be candid about what caused the delay. The elevator's control board failed on September 24. Our repair company identified the problem the next day, but the replacement part had to be ordered from the manufacturer, and it is not scheduled to arrive until October 9. We pressed the repair company for a faster option, and none was available.

(3) In the meantime, we are taking several steps. Starting tomorrow, a staff member will be stationed in the lobby from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. to carry groceries and packages to any floor. We have also arranged for a portable stair-climbing chair, operated by trained staff, for residents who need help getting to medical appointments. Please call the office at least two hours ahead so we can schedule it.

(4) Your letter also noted that residents were not told how long the repair would take. That criticism is fair. Our notice in the lobby said only "Elevator out of service," which left people guessing. From now on, any outage longer than one day will be announced by text message and by a posted notice that includes the cause and an expected repair date. We will update both if the date changes.

(5) Finally, because the building has not provided the service you pay for, we will credit each upper-floor household $75 on its November rent statement. This does not make up for the inconvenience, but we hope it shows that we take the problem seriously.

(6) I will call you personally on October 9 to confirm that the elevator is running. If anything comes up before then, my direct line is 555-0148.

Sincerely, Janet Moore Property Manager, Maple Court Apartments

Which choice best describes the tone of the letter as a whole?

Answer choices
Hint

Look for sentences where the writer admits a problem and sentences where she promises action. What attitude do they show together?

Question 24 of 36

Letter: Response to a Resident

Dear Mr. Alvarez,

(1) Thank you for your letter of October 2 about the broken elevator at Maple Court. You are right to be frustrated. For eleven days, residents on the upper floors—including you and your mother, who uses a walker—have had to rely on the stairs. That is not acceptable, and I apologize.

(2) I want to be candid about what caused the delay. The elevator's control board failed on September 24. Our repair company identified the problem the next day, but the replacement part had to be ordered from the manufacturer, and it is not scheduled to arrive until October 9. We pressed the repair company for a faster option, and none was available.

(3) In the meantime, we are taking several steps. Starting tomorrow, a staff member will be stationed in the lobby from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. to carry groceries and packages to any floor. We have also arranged for a portable stair-climbing chair, operated by trained staff, for residents who need help getting to medical appointments. Please call the office at least two hours ahead so we can schedule it.

(4) Your letter also noted that residents were not told how long the repair would take. That criticism is fair. Our notice in the lobby said only "Elevator out of service," which left people guessing. From now on, any outage longer than one day will be announced by text message and by a posted notice that includes the cause and an expected repair date. We will update both if the date changes.

(5) Finally, because the building has not provided the service you pay for, we will credit each upper-floor household $75 on its November rent statement. This does not make up for the inconvenience, but we hope it shows that we take the problem seriously.

(6) I will call you personally on October 9 to confirm that the elevator is running. If anything comes up before then, my direct line is 555-0148.

Sincerely, Janet Moore Property Manager, Maple Court Apartments

In paragraph 2, the writer says, "We pressed the repair company for a faster option." How would the meaning change if "pressed" were replaced with "asked"?

Answer choices
Hint

Both words describe making a request. Which one suggests more effort or insistence?

Question 25 of 36

Opinion: Let Our Town See the Stars Again

(1) When I was a girl in Pine Hollow, my grandfather would take me out to the end of our gravel road on summer nights and point out the constellations one by one. The Milky Way spilled across the sky like flour across a dark table. Last month I took my own daughter to that same spot. We could find the Big Dipper, barely, through an orange haze. The Milky Way was gone.

(2) What happened? Not much, on any single night. A new gas station with lights bright enough to land a plane. A parking lot lit until dawn for cars that are not there. Billboards that glow at full strength at three in the morning. Each of these lights was approved one at a time, and each seemed harmless. Together they have smothered the night sky over our town.

(3) Some will say that this is a small loss, a matter of taste. It is not. Scientists have found that artificial light at night can confuse migrating birds, which use the stars to find their way, and that it can disrupt the sleep of people whose bedrooms face glaring streetlights. Every bulb that shines up into the sky instead of down onto the ground is also wasted electricity, paid for by taxpayers and businesses.

(4) The good news is that this is one of the easiest problems a town will ever solve. We do not need to turn off the lights. We need to aim them. Shielded fixtures, which direct light downward where people actually need it, are widely available and often cost no more than the glaring ones. Timers can dim parking-lot and billboard lights after business hours. Warmer-colored bulbs reduce glare without making streets less safe.

(5) Next month, the town council will vote on an outdoor lighting ordinance that would require shielded fixtures on all new construction and ask businesses to dim nonessential lights after 11:00 p.m. It is a modest, sensible proposal. It would not cost homeowners a cent unless they choose to replace a fixture, and it would give businesses five years to comply.

(6) I urge every resident to attend the meeting on June 12 and speak in favor of the ordinance. And on the next clear night, walk out to the edge of town and look up. Imagine what your grandparents saw. Then imagine what your grandchildren could see — if we decide, together, to let the dark come back.

In paragraph 5, the author describes the ordinance as "a modest, sensible proposal." As it is used here, modest most nearly means

Answer choices
Hint

Modest can describe a person or a plan. Read the rest of paragraph 5 to see what the author says about the ordinance's cost and timeline.

Question 26 of 36

Opinion: Let Our Town See the Stars Again

(1) When I was a girl in Pine Hollow, my grandfather would take me out to the end of our gravel road on summer nights and point out the constellations one by one. The Milky Way spilled across the sky like flour across a dark table. Last month I took my own daughter to that same spot. We could find the Big Dipper, barely, through an orange haze. The Milky Way was gone.

(2) What happened? Not much, on any single night. A new gas station with lights bright enough to land a plane. A parking lot lit until dawn for cars that are not there. Billboards that glow at full strength at three in the morning. Each of these lights was approved one at a time, and each seemed harmless. Together they have smothered the night sky over our town.

(3) Some will say that this is a small loss, a matter of taste. It is not. Scientists have found that artificial light at night can confuse migrating birds, which use the stars to find their way, and that it can disrupt the sleep of people whose bedrooms face glaring streetlights. Every bulb that shines up into the sky instead of down onto the ground is also wasted electricity, paid for by taxpayers and businesses.

(4) The good news is that this is one of the easiest problems a town will ever solve. We do not need to turn off the lights. We need to aim them. Shielded fixtures, which direct light downward where people actually need it, are widely available and often cost no more than the glaring ones. Timers can dim parking-lot and billboard lights after business hours. Warmer-colored bulbs reduce glare without making streets less safe.

(5) Next month, the town council will vote on an outdoor lighting ordinance that would require shielded fixtures on all new construction and ask businesses to dim nonessential lights after 11:00 p.m. It is a modest, sensible proposal. It would not cost homeowners a cent unless they choose to replace a fixture, and it would give businesses five years to comply.

(6) I urge every resident to attend the meeting on June 12 and speak in favor of the ordinance. And on the next clear night, walk out to the edge of town and look up. Imagine what your grandparents saw. Then imagine what your grandchildren could see — if we decide, together, to let the dark come back.

How does the author's tone shift from paragraph 3 to paragraph 4?

Answer choices
Hint

Find the first words of paragraph 4. They signal the change.

Question 27 of 36

The Radio

(1) The radio had sat on Grandma Inez's kitchen windowsill for as long as Teo could remember: a squat, cream-colored box with one cracked knob and a dial that glowed amber when it warmed up. It was older than his mother. It hummed before it spoke. Every morning of every summer he had spent in that house, it had filled the kitchen with baseball scores, weather reports and songs in two languages while Grandma Inez stirred oatmeal and sang along, always a little off-key and never the least bit embarrassed.

(2) Now Grandma Inez had been gone for three weeks, and Teo's mother had asked him to help clear out the house. He had been doing fine. He had boxed up the dishes and the towels and the stacks of church bulletins without stopping. He had carried bags to the curb, joked with his cousin about the forty-year-old jar of buttons and argued cheerfully over who would get the good frying pan.

(3) Then he reached the windowsill.

(4) He picked up the radio, meaning to put it in the box marked Donate. It was heavier than he expected, the way her hands had been heavier than he expected when she squeezed his on the last afternoon in the hospital. The cord dangled. The cracked knob stared up at him like a small, patient eye. The kitchen, stripped of its curtains and calendars, was suddenly a cave of echoes, and every sound he made bounced back at him from the bare walls.

(5) He did not know how long he stood there. Long enough that his cousin called his name twice from the hallway.

(6) Without quite deciding to, Teo plugged the radio in. It hummed — that same low, warming hum — and the amber dial flickered, caught and glowed. Static, then a voice, then music: a trumpet, a bright, brassy song he half recognized. It was one she used to sing. He laughed out loud, a laugh that surprised him, and then he was crying and laughing at the same time, and he did not try to stop either one.

(7) His mother found him like that, standing in the empty kitchen with the radio in his arms. She did not say anything. She just came and stood beside him and, after a moment, began to sing along, a little off-key.

(8) The radio did not go in the Donate box. It sits on Teo's own kitchen windowsill now. He turns it on every morning, and he sings along, never the least bit embarrassed.

How does the tone change between paragraph 2 and paragraph 4?

Answer choices
Hint

Paragraph 3 is only one short sentence. Notice how the story feels before it and after it.

Question 28 of 36

The Radio

(1) The radio had sat on Grandma Inez's kitchen windowsill for as long as Teo could remember: a squat, cream-colored box with one cracked knob and a dial that glowed amber when it warmed up. It was older than his mother. It hummed before it spoke. Every morning of every summer he had spent in that house, it had filled the kitchen with baseball scores, weather reports and songs in two languages while Grandma Inez stirred oatmeal and sang along, always a little off-key and never the least bit embarrassed.

(2) Now Grandma Inez had been gone for three weeks, and Teo's mother had asked him to help clear out the house. He had been doing fine. He had boxed up the dishes and the towels and the stacks of church bulletins without stopping. He had carried bags to the curb, joked with his cousin about the forty-year-old jar of buttons and argued cheerfully over who would get the good frying pan.

(3) Then he reached the windowsill.

(4) He picked up the radio, meaning to put it in the box marked Donate. It was heavier than he expected, the way her hands had been heavier than he expected when she squeezed his on the last afternoon in the hospital. The cord dangled. The cracked knob stared up at him like a small, patient eye. The kitchen, stripped of its curtains and calendars, was suddenly a cave of echoes, and every sound he made bounced back at him from the bare walls.

(5) He did not know how long he stood there. Long enough that his cousin called his name twice from the hallway.

(6) Without quite deciding to, Teo plugged the radio in. It hummed — that same low, warming hum — and the amber dial flickered, caught and glowed. Static, then a voice, then music: a trumpet, a bright, brassy song he half recognized. It was one she used to sing. He laughed out loud, a laugh that surprised him, and then he was crying and laughing at the same time, and he did not try to stop either one.

(7) His mother found him like that, standing in the empty kitchen with the radio in his arms. She did not say anything. She just came and stood beside him and, after a moment, began to sing along, a little off-key.

(8) The radio did not go in the Donate box. It sits on Teo's own kitchen windowsill now. He turns it on every morning, and he sings along, never the least bit embarrassed.

The phrase "never the least bit embarrassed" appears in both paragraph 1 and paragraph 8. What is the effect of repeating this phrase?

Answer choices
Hint

In paragraph 1, who is "never the least bit embarrassed"? Who is it in paragraph 8?

Question 29 of 36

Who Answers the Call?

(1) In much of rural America, the people who show up when a barn catches fire or a car slides off an icy road are not full-time firefighters. They are teachers, mechanics, farmers and store clerks who carry pagers and leave their regular jobs at a moment's notice. In Dunmore County, where this article focuses, all six fire companies are staffed almost entirely by volunteers.

(2) Becoming a volunteer firefighter is not as simple as signing a form. New members complete well over a hundred hours of basic training, often on weeknights and weekends. They learn to use breathing equipment, handle hoses that can kick with surprising force, search smoke-filled rooms and give first aid. After that, they attend regular drills — practice sessions in which the crew rehearses everything from ladder rescues to pumping water from a pond.

(3) The work has changed in recent years. Fires are actually a small share of the calls most companies receive. Far more often, volunteers respond to medical emergencies, traffic crashes, fallen power lines and, in Dunmore County, the occasional hiker lost in the state forest. Many volunteers have added emergency medical training so they can help patients in the critical minutes before an ambulance arrives from the regional hospital, forty minutes away.

(4) Despite their importance, volunteer companies across the country have struggled to find new members. Fewer people work in the same town where they live, so fewer can leave a job to answer a call. Training takes time that busy families may not have. In Dunmore County, the average age of volunteers has crept upward, and some companies now have only a handful of members available during weekday daytime hours, when many people are at work in other towns.

(5) Some communities are trying new approaches. Dunmore County now pays for training and offers a small property-tax credit to active volunteers. Two companies have created "daytime crews" made up of retirees and people who work from home. The county's largest company has also started a junior program, in which high school students learn basic skills and help at the station, though they do not enter burning buildings.

(6) Whether these efforts will be enough remains an open question. What is not in question is the value of the people who already serve. As one longtime captain put it at a recent county meeting, the pager does not care whether it is your birthday, your daughter's soccer game or three in the morning. When it goes off, someone has to go.

In paragraph 4, the author writes that the average age of volunteers "has crept upward." What does the word crept suggest about this change?

Answer choices
Hint

Picture how something moves when it creeps. What does that imply about how quickly people noticed the change?

Question 30 of 36

Drop-down
Who Answers the Call?

(1) In much of rural America, the people who show up when a barn catches fire or a car slides off an icy road are not full-time firefighters. They are teachers, mechanics, farmers and store clerks who carry pagers and leave their regular jobs at a moment's notice. In Dunmore County, where this article focuses, all six fire companies are staffed almost entirely by volunteers.

(2) Becoming a volunteer firefighter is not as simple as signing a form. New members complete well over a hundred hours of basic training, often on weeknights and weekends. They learn to use breathing equipment, handle hoses that can kick with surprising force, search smoke-filled rooms and give first aid. After that, they attend regular drills — practice sessions in which the crew rehearses everything from ladder rescues to pumping water from a pond.

(3) The work has changed in recent years. Fires are actually a small share of the calls most companies receive. Far more often, volunteers respond to medical emergencies, traffic crashes, fallen power lines and, in Dunmore County, the occasional hiker lost in the state forest. Many volunteers have added emergency medical training so they can help patients in the critical minutes before an ambulance arrives from the regional hospital, forty minutes away.

(4) Despite their importance, volunteer companies across the country have struggled to find new members. Fewer people work in the same town where they live, so fewer can leave a job to answer a call. Training takes time that busy families may not have. In Dunmore County, the average age of volunteers has crept upward, and some companies now have only a handful of members available during weekday daytime hours, when many people are at work in other towns.

(5) Some communities are trying new approaches. Dunmore County now pays for training and offers a small property-tax credit to active volunteers. Two companies have created "daytime crews" made up of retirees and people who work from home. The county's largest company has also started a junior program, in which high school students learn basic skills and help at the station, though they do not enter burning buildings.

(6) Whether these efforts will be enough remains an open question. What is not in question is the value of the people who already serve. As one longtime captain put it at a recent county meeting, the pager does not care whether it is your birthday, your daughter's soccer game or three in the morning. When it goes off, someone has to go.

Choose the option that correctly completes each part of the sentence.

In paragraph 6, the captain's statement that "the pager does not care" about birthdays or soccer games gives the pager a human quality in order to . This helps create a tone of toward the volunteers.

Choose an answer from each menu.

Hint

Think about what it means that emergencies happen at any time, no matter what a volunteer had planned. Then consider how the author feels about the people who answer anyway.

Question 31 of 36

Select all
Letter from the Maple Court Tenants' Association

(1) To: Greenline Property Management
From: Maple Court Tenants' Association
Re: Heating repairs in Building C

Dear Ms. Castillo,

On behalf of the Maple Court Tenants' Association, thank you for meeting with us in October and for the improvements your team has made this year. The new laundry machines and the repaired parking-lot lights have made a real difference, and residents have noticed.

(2) We are writing today, however, about a problem that can no longer wait. Since November 18, the heating system in Building C has failed on at least nine separate days. On several of those days, residents measured indoor temperatures below 60 degrees. Building C is home to fourteen children under the age of five and at least six residents over the age of seventy. For them, a cold apartment is not an inconvenience. It is a health risk.

(3) Each time the heat has failed, residents have followed the proper procedure: they have called the maintenance line and submitted written repair requests. Each time, a technician has restarted the boiler, and each time, it has failed again within days. We have now submitted more than thirty requests. Restarting the same boiler again and again is not a repair. It is a delay.

(4) We are therefore asking for three things. First, we ask that a licensed heating contractor inspect the Building C boiler within the next ten days and that the association receive a copy of the findings. Second, we ask that space heaters be provided immediately to any household that requests one until the system is reliable. Third, we ask for a written plan, with dates, for a permanent repair or replacement.

(5) We want to be clear: we would much rather solve this together than through the city's housing inspection office, and we believe that is possible. Your response to our concerns about the laundry room last spring showed that Greenline can act quickly when a problem is taken seriously. We are asking you to take this problem just as seriously.

(6) We would welcome a meeting at your earliest convenience and look forward to your reply by December 20.

Sincerely,
Darnell Foster, President
Maple Court Tenants' Association

Select all of the phrases that help create a firm, urgent tone in the letter.

Select all that apply.

Answer choices
Hint

Look in paragraphs 2–3 for phrases that insist the problem is serious or that the current response is not good enough. Skip polite or appreciative phrases.

Question 32 of 36

Letter from the Maple Court Tenants' Association

(1) To: Greenline Property Management
From: Maple Court Tenants' Association
Re: Heating repairs in Building C

Dear Ms. Castillo,

On behalf of the Maple Court Tenants' Association, thank you for meeting with us in October and for the improvements your team has made this year. The new laundry machines and the repaired parking-lot lights have made a real difference, and residents have noticed.

(2) We are writing today, however, about a problem that can no longer wait. Since November 18, the heating system in Building C has failed on at least nine separate days. On several of those days, residents measured indoor temperatures below 60 degrees. Building C is home to fourteen children under the age of five and at least six residents over the age of seventy. For them, a cold apartment is not an inconvenience. It is a health risk.

(3) Each time the heat has failed, residents have followed the proper procedure: they have called the maintenance line and submitted written repair requests. Each time, a technician has restarted the boiler, and each time, it has failed again within days. We have now submitted more than thirty requests. Restarting the same boiler again and again is not a repair. It is a delay.

(4) We are therefore asking for three things. First, we ask that a licensed heating contractor inspect the Building C boiler within the next ten days and that the association receive a copy of the findings. Second, we ask that space heaters be provided immediately to any household that requests one until the system is reliable. Third, we ask for a written plan, with dates, for a permanent repair or replacement.

(5) We want to be clear: we would much rather solve this together than through the city's housing inspection office, and we believe that is possible. Your response to our concerns about the laundry room last spring showed that Greenline can act quickly when a problem is taken seriously. We are asking you to take this problem just as seriously.

(6) We would welcome a meeting at your earliest convenience and look forward to your reply by December 20.

Sincerely,
Darnell Foster, President
Maple Court Tenants' Association

In paragraph 2, the letter says that for young children and older residents, "a cold apartment is not an inconvenience. It is a health risk." How would the meaning change if the writer had written "It is a bit uncomfortable" instead of "It is a health risk"?

Answer choices
Hint

Notice how the original sentence contrasts inconvenience with health risk. What happens to that contrast with the new wording?

Question 33 of 36

Letter: Response to a Resident

Dear Mr. Alvarez,

(1) Thank you for your letter of October 2 about the broken elevator at Maple Court. You are right to be frustrated. For eleven days, residents on the upper floors—including you and your mother, who uses a walker—have had to rely on the stairs. That is not acceptable, and I apologize.

(2) I want to be candid about what caused the delay. The elevator's control board failed on September 24. Our repair company identified the problem the next day, but the replacement part had to be ordered from the manufacturer, and it is not scheduled to arrive until October 9. We pressed the repair company for a faster option, and none was available.

(3) In the meantime, we are taking several steps. Starting tomorrow, a staff member will be stationed in the lobby from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. to carry groceries and packages to any floor. We have also arranged for a portable stair-climbing chair, operated by trained staff, for residents who need help getting to medical appointments. Please call the office at least two hours ahead so we can schedule it.

(4) Your letter also noted that residents were not told how long the repair would take. That criticism is fair. Our notice in the lobby said only "Elevator out of service," which left people guessing. From now on, any outage longer than one day will be announced by text message and by a posted notice that includes the cause and an expected repair date. We will update both if the date changes.

(5) Finally, because the building has not provided the service you pay for, we will credit each upper-floor household $75 on its November rent statement. This does not make up for the inconvenience, but we hope it shows that we take the problem seriously.

(6) I will call you personally on October 9 to confirm that the elevator is running. If anything comes up before then, my direct line is 555-0148.

Sincerely, Janet Moore Property Manager, Maple Court Apartments

An earlier draft of the letter included this paragraph instead of paragraphs 1 and 2:

Management acknowledges receipt of your correspondence regarding the elevator. Repairs are subject to manufacturer timelines beyond management's control. Residents are reminded that temporary interruptions in building services may occur.

How does the tone of the draft paragraph differ from the tone of paragraphs 1 and 2 of the final letter?

Answer choices
Hint

Compare who is speaking ("management" vs. "I" and "we") and whether each version admits that the situation is a problem.

Question 34 of 36

Who Answers the Call?

(1) In much of rural America, the people who show up when a barn catches fire or a car slides off an icy road are not full-time firefighters. They are teachers, mechanics, farmers and store clerks who carry pagers and leave their regular jobs at a moment's notice. In Dunmore County, where this article focuses, all six fire companies are staffed almost entirely by volunteers.

(2) Becoming a volunteer firefighter is not as simple as signing a form. New members complete well over a hundred hours of basic training, often on weeknights and weekends. They learn to use breathing equipment, handle hoses that can kick with surprising force, search smoke-filled rooms and give first aid. After that, they attend regular drills — practice sessions in which the crew rehearses everything from ladder rescues to pumping water from a pond.

(3) The work has changed in recent years. Fires are actually a small share of the calls most companies receive. Far more often, volunteers respond to medical emergencies, traffic crashes, fallen power lines and, in Dunmore County, the occasional hiker lost in the state forest. Many volunteers have added emergency medical training so they can help patients in the critical minutes before an ambulance arrives from the regional hospital, forty minutes away.

(4) Despite their importance, volunteer companies across the country have struggled to find new members. Fewer people work in the same town where they live, so fewer can leave a job to answer a call. Training takes time that busy families may not have. In Dunmore County, the average age of volunteers has crept upward, and some companies now have only a handful of members available during weekday daytime hours, when many people are at work in other towns.

(5) Some communities are trying new approaches. Dunmore County now pays for training and offers a small property-tax credit to active volunteers. Two companies have created "daytime crews" made up of retirees and people who work from home. The county's largest company has also started a junior program, in which high school students learn basic skills and help at the station, though they do not enter burning buildings.

(6) Whether these efforts will be enough remains an open question. What is not in question is the value of the people who already serve. As one longtime captain put it at a recent county meeting, the pager does not care whether it is your birthday, your daughter's soccer game or three in the morning. When it goes off, someone has to go.

Read this excerpt from a flyer posted by one of the county's fire companies (fictional). Then answer the question.

WE NEED YOU — NOW. Our trucks are ready. Our gear is ready. But on too many weekday mornings, no one is available to drive them. Every minute without a crew is a minute someone waits alone. Come to our open house Saturday. Don't wait until it's your house.

How does the tone of the flyer differ from the tone of paragraph 4 of the article?

Answer choices
Hint

Compare the sentence types and word choices. Does each text explain, or does it push the reader to act?

Question 35 of 36

Letter from the Maple Court Tenants' Association

(1) To: Greenline Property Management
From: Maple Court Tenants' Association
Re: Heating repairs in Building C

Dear Ms. Castillo,

On behalf of the Maple Court Tenants' Association, thank you for meeting with us in October and for the improvements your team has made this year. The new laundry machines and the repaired parking-lot lights have made a real difference, and residents have noticed.

(2) We are writing today, however, about a problem that can no longer wait. Since November 18, the heating system in Building C has failed on at least nine separate days. On several of those days, residents measured indoor temperatures below 60 degrees. Building C is home to fourteen children under the age of five and at least six residents over the age of seventy. For them, a cold apartment is not an inconvenience. It is a health risk.

(3) Each time the heat has failed, residents have followed the proper procedure: they have called the maintenance line and submitted written repair requests. Each time, a technician has restarted the boiler, and each time, it has failed again within days. We have now submitted more than thirty requests. Restarting the same boiler again and again is not a repair. It is a delay.

(4) We are therefore asking for three things. First, we ask that a licensed heating contractor inspect the Building C boiler within the next ten days and that the association receive a copy of the findings. Second, we ask that space heaters be provided immediately to any household that requests one until the system is reliable. Third, we ask for a written plan, with dates, for a permanent repair or replacement.

(5) We want to be clear: we would much rather solve this together than through the city's housing inspection office, and we believe that is possible. Your response to our concerns about the laundry room last spring showed that Greenline can act quickly when a problem is taken seriously. We are asking you to take this problem just as seriously.

(6) We would welcome a meeting at your earliest convenience and look forward to your reply by December 20.

Sincerely,
Darnell Foster, President
Maple Court Tenants' Association

Which statement best describes how the tone of the letter develops from paragraph 1 through paragraph 5?

Answer choices
Hint

Track the tone paragraph by paragraph: the opening, the middle (problem and requests) and paragraph 5. Look for signal words such as however.

Question 36 of 36

Letter from the Maple Court Tenants' Association

(1) To: Greenline Property Management
From: Maple Court Tenants' Association
Re: Heating repairs in Building C

Dear Ms. Castillo,

On behalf of the Maple Court Tenants' Association, thank you for meeting with us in October and for the improvements your team has made this year. The new laundry machines and the repaired parking-lot lights have made a real difference, and residents have noticed.

(2) We are writing today, however, about a problem that can no longer wait. Since November 18, the heating system in Building C has failed on at least nine separate days. On several of those days, residents measured indoor temperatures below 60 degrees. Building C is home to fourteen children under the age of five and at least six residents over the age of seventy. For them, a cold apartment is not an inconvenience. It is a health risk.

(3) Each time the heat has failed, residents have followed the proper procedure: they have called the maintenance line and submitted written repair requests. Each time, a technician has restarted the boiler, and each time, it has failed again within days. We have now submitted more than thirty requests. Restarting the same boiler again and again is not a repair. It is a delay.

(4) We are therefore asking for three things. First, we ask that a licensed heating contractor inspect the Building C boiler within the next ten days and that the association receive a copy of the findings. Second, we ask that space heaters be provided immediately to any household that requests one until the system is reliable. Third, we ask for a written plan, with dates, for a permanent repair or replacement.

(5) We want to be clear: we would much rather solve this together than through the city's housing inspection office, and we believe that is possible. Your response to our concerns about the laundry room last spring showed that Greenline can act quickly when a problem is taken seriously. We are asking you to take this problem just as seriously.

(6) We would welcome a meeting at your earliest convenience and look forward to your reply by December 20.

Sincerely,
Darnell Foster, President
Maple Court Tenants' Association

An earlier draft of the letter included this paragraph instead of paragraph 5:

Frankly, we are sick of your excuses. If Greenline cannot manage a simple boiler, maybe you should not be managing buildings at all. We will be calling the city on Monday.

How does the tone of the final paragraph 5 differ from this draft, and why is the final version more effective?

Answer choices
Hint

Compare the two versions' word choices (sick of your excuses vs. solve this together). Which version is more likely to get the landlord to cooperate?